¤ Chime and drums ¤
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I'm standing on the very
spot where the course of history
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changed in a dramatic way. One
of the most deadly battles of
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all time was fought
right here on this hillside. _/
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didn't fight with high tech
weaponry but primitive musket
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loading rifles and bayonets. The
fighting here was brutal hand to
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hand combat. Imagine standing
here and looking down into a
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group of soldiers charging
at you with swords and bayonets.
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Would you be gripped by fear or
courage? Would you run or would
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you stand your ground? Would you
try to save your life or would
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you willingly sacrifice it
for what you believed in? What
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choice would you make? Choices
were made here that not only
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influenced the outcome of this
battle, but also influenced the
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result of this war and
ultimately it impacted the
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course of world history.
Sometimes simple choices we make
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have a huge impact. Life is
made up of choices, individual
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decisions that can influence our
future and even determine our
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ultimate destiny. This life here
and now is a matter of cause and
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effect. Like the butterfly
effect. You've heard of that
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principle haven't you? If
not we're going to discover what
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it's all about, why it's
important and how it relates to
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this place, Gettysburg
and the American Civil War.
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¤ ¤
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One hundred and fifty years ago
on the eve of the Civil War, the
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United States consisted of only
34 states, not the 50 states we
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know today. On this map, you
can see the mighty Mississippi
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River, a landmark that divides
this country in half from top to
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bottom, east from west. Most of
the land west of this river was
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defined as territories, not
individual states. On the west
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coast of America there
were only two recognized states,
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California and Oregon. During
the Civil War this country had a
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total population of just
over 30 million. That's about
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one-tenth of America's
population today. Another
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landmark was created during the
Civil War. It was known as the
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Mason-Dixon line, a division
of philosophy, a division of
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politics and a division in
the way of life created this
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imaginary line. On certain
issues the southern states had
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very different views and
values from the northern states.
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Freedom runs deep in the
soul of America. A spirit of
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independence is what led to the
American Revolutionary War in
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1776. The founders of
this nation signed a document
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declaring separation from
Britain. It's known as the
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Declaration of Independence.
One of the world's most famous
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documents. Representatives from
13 individual states signed at
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bottom and so was born
the United States. Less than a
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hundred years later, freedom and
independence would again become
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issue leading to war. The nation
would be tested over the idea
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that all men are created equal.
The northern states believed
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that the slaves should be free.
The southern states believed
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they should be free to rule
over other people. In the 19th
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century most of the
heavy industries existed in the
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northern states where as
the southern states were mostly
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agricultural growing cotton and
other crops and for that a large
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labor force was needed, slave
labor. The economy of the south
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centered on slavery. Slavery was
the single most important thing
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supporting the southern states.
This key issue over slavery is
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what led to the American
Civil War. Wars are waged over a
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difference in ideology
or opinion and difference of
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opinion can lead to arguments.
Arguments can lead to war. The
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American Civil War even forced
brothers with different opinions
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to take opposing sides.
As Abraham Lincoln, the 16th
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President of the United States
took office in March 1861, the
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controversy between the north
and the south had become very
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aggressive. The next
month hostilities erupted into
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physical war when southern
rebels attacked Fort Sumpter,
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battle that launched the Civil
War. Southern slave states from
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Texas to Virginia seceded from
the union and created their own
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government called
the Confederate States of
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America. They chose Jefferson
David as their president and
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established their own
constitution. Suddenly the
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United States was divided, torn
into two separate countries. The
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north was called the Union, the
south was called the Confederacy
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The Union soldiers or federal
troops were called Yankees. The
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Confederacy soldiers, or
southern troops, were referred
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to as Rebels. During the next
four years death would enter the
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experience of thousands of
families across this continent
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on a level unimaginable. It's
said that more American lives
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were lost during the Civil
War than all other American wars
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combined. This terrible war
involved everyone in the nation
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in one way or another. By the
end of June 1963, America had
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been fighting itself for two
years. Thousands of lives had
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been sacrificed. There was
no end in sight and the next
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conflict would happen right here
at Gettysburg. General Robert E.
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Lee, the commander of the
Confederate armies, decided to
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invade northern territory. His
goal was to bring the war to a
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close by walking into the White
House in Washington, D.C. and
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taking President Lincoln
captive. Army generals on both
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sides believed that capturing
the enemy's capital city would
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end the war. At the end of
June 1963, Rebel troops from the
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south crossed into the state of
Pennsylvania north and west of
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Washington, D.C. On the first
day of July one mile west of the
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small town of Gettysburg, Lee's
Confederate army collide with
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Union troops and the
first skirmish soon escalates.
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The battle fought on this land
in and around Gettysburg was the
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deadliest battle ever fought
on U.S. soil. Over three days of
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intense fighting. Fifty thousand
men would die. Three days that
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changed American history forever
Many heroic actions took place
00:08:27.27\00:08:32.37
here, but according to
some it was the decision of one
00:08:32.41\00:08:37.15
individual that turned the tide
of the battle and changed the
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course of history. His
name: Joshua Chamberlain.
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Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain
was born on the 8th of September
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1828 in Brewer, Maine, the
northern most state. He was
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the oldest of five children. As
regular church attendees Joshua
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grew up reading the Bible and
singing in the church choir. He
00:09:06.24\00:09:10.28
was torn between the aspirations
of his mother to be a preacher
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while his father, a former
military serviceman, wanted him
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to join the army. Joshua
attended Bowdoin College in 1848
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where he studied liberal arts.
Here at Bowdoin he met many
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people who would influence his
life. One of the most notable
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notable was Harriet Beecher
Stowe, the wife of Professor
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Calvin Stowe. She was the
author of the famous book Uncle
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Tom's Cabin. This well known
novel written before the Civil
00:09:39.31\00:09:43.81
War describes the harsh reality
of slavery and was instrumental
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in the antislavery movement
spreading across the northern
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states in the 1850s. After
graduation Joshua Chamberlain
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continued studying for three
more years at Bangor Theological
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Seminary. Upon his return to
Bowdoin he began his career in
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education as a professor of
rhetoric. He was fluent in 10
00:10:07.27\00:10:11.71
languages and just prior to the
outbreak of the Civil War was
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appointed as Professor
of Modern Languages in 1861.
00:10:15.38\00:10:23.89
(drums sounding) When President
Abraham Lincoln asked for men to
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defend the Union Chamberlain not
only joined but also encouraged
00:10:27.69\00:10:32.23
his students to do the same. He
was appointed Lieutenant Colonel
00:10:32.26\00:10:36.77
of the 20th Maine Regiment
in August of 1862. His younger
00:10:36.80\00:10:42.00
brother Thomas also joined the
same regiment. Another brother
00:10:42.04\00:10:46.61
John served as an army chaplain.
Just before marching to
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Gettysburg Chamberlain
was promoted to full colonel.
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(Drums and cheering)
Upon arrival at Gettysburg the
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first day of the battle
didn't go well for the northern
00:11:05.43\00:11:08.06
soldiers. The Union Army
was forced to retreat as the
00:11:08.10\00:11:13.23
persistent Confederate
overran and captured the town of
00:11:13.27\00:11:17.17
Gettysburg. Having been pushed
south of the town, Union Army
00:11:17.21\00:11:24.35
leaders surveyed the land and
worked throughout the night to
00:11:24.38\00:11:27.98
position them on high ground. By
the next morning they created a
00:11:28.02\00:11:33.12
defensive line that ran from
their right flank on Caulk's
00:11:33.15\00:11:37.89
Hill across Cemetery Ridge and
ending at Little Round Top. It
00:11:37.93\00:11:42.86
was this left flank at Little
Round Top that became a key
00:11:42.90\00:11:46.74
point of decision in the Civil
War. Colonel Strong Vincent,
00:11:46.77\00:11:53.71
Chamberlain's commanding officer
assigned the 20th Maine regiment
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to guard the outer edge of the
left flank. He told them to hold
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the line at all cost. This
monument sits on Little Round
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Top overlooking the battlefield
below. It's in honor of Colonel
00:12:09.62\00:12:14.40
Vincent who was mortally
wounded the second day here at
00:12:14.43\00:12:17.40
Gettysburg. During the heat
of battle Vincent stood on this
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large boulder so his men could
see him. He shouted, Don't give
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an inch! But this prominent
position also made him a prime
00:12:26.37\00:12:30.18
target. A fatal bullet struck
him in the thigh as he was
00:12:30.21\00:12:34.08
standing fully exposed on this
rock. He died five days later at
00:12:34.12\00:12:39.89
the age of 26.
(Chaplain John Wagga speaking)
00:12:39.92\00:12:48.53
_ battle of Gettysburg it
was known as Little Round Top.
00:12:48.56\00:12:51.23
In fact, we are at the end of
the Union Line on July 2nd, 1863
00:12:51.27\00:12:55.04
Now this position was something
that was determined by a
00:12:55.07\00:12:56.84
commandeering decision of
Governor K. Warren. So this
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position is not just one place
on the battlefield. This is
00:13:00.01\00:13:02.61
disconnected from the other part
of the army in the actual chain
00:13:02.64\00:13:07.12
of command going back to Fort
Meade. Most people in the army
00:13:07.15\00:13:09.95
on the other part of the line
did not even know that the 20th
00:13:09.98\00:13:13.05
Maine was located here. So their
position is an isolated spot on
00:13:13.09\00:13:17.06
the battlefield, the very end of
the Union line. They could not
00:13:17.09\00:13:19.89
give up, quit or let the enemy
go through them or around them
00:13:19.93\00:13:24.00
because it would have
jeopardized the rest of the
00:13:24.03\00:13:25.80
Union line down below from this
high position on the battlefield
00:13:25.83\00:13:29.97
I'm standing at the spot on
Little Round Top where the 20th
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Maine soldiers were positioned
on July 2. On the left flank
00:13:40.95\00:13:45.32
Joshua Chamberlain and his men
are holding the vulnerable edge
00:13:45.35\00:13:49.42
of the Union Army. Down below
charging up the hill are the
00:13:49.46\00:13:54.76
Confederate Rebels, the
15th Alabama Infantry Regiment.
00:13:54.80\00:13:58.70
Their first attempt fails and
they fall back. But the Rebels
00:13:58.73\00:14:04.37
regroup and charge
again with the same results.
00:14:04.41\00:14:07.68
Those men knew that this was
their chance to take this hill
00:14:07.71\00:14:11.08
and perhaps defeat the Union
Army on their own soil. The 14th
00:14:11.11\00:14:15.08
and 15th Alabama Regiment made
charge after charge after charge
00:14:15.12\00:14:19.29
and as they did so the 20th
Maine would begin to run out of
00:14:19.32\00:14:22.02
ammunition. It was an
unsupported position. They did
00:14:22.06\00:14:24.79
not have reinforcements or
people reinforcing even their
00:14:24.83\00:14:27.73
ammunition. As they stood on
this hill in an act of bravery
00:14:27.76\00:14:31.37
and courage Joshua Chamberlain
chose something that was very
00:14:31.40\00:14:34.87
unorthodox. From a fixed
defensive position atop of a
00:14:34.90\00:14:37.97
hill he commanded a charge with
bayonets and as those men heard
00:14:38.01\00:14:42.04
that command it crystalized.
In that moment of decision rung
00:14:42.08\00:14:45.31
true within them and gave
them the courage as Joshua
00:14:45.35\00:14:47.62
Chamberlain led that charge down
the hill to win the fight and
00:14:47.65\00:14:52.09
they did so sweeping down in a
hen's fashion and took literally
00:14:52.12\00:14:55.66
the 14th and 15th Alabama
soldiers by surprise and the men
00:14:55.69\00:15:00.76
would surrender. That
moment in this battle, seemingly
00:15:00.80\00:15:05.07
insignificant at that time would
impact this battle for the three
00:15:05.10\00:15:07.84
days of fighting and impact the
rest of the Civil War by what
00:15:07.87\00:15:11.31
took place at the men that stood
their ground at Little Round Top
00:15:11.34\00:15:14.58
under the command
of Joshua Chamberlain.
00:15:14.61\00:15:16.48
Many historians believe this
to be the pivotal moment in the
00:15:16.51\00:15:22.78
Civil War. Had Chamberlain
yielded to the enemy, the battle
00:15:22.82\00:15:25.95
of Gettysburg might have
resulted in the Confederate
00:15:25.99\00:15:28.86
victory, a victory for
the southern Rebels. So on the
00:15:28.89\00:15:38.27
third day General Robert E. Lee
changes his strategy and decides
00:15:38.30\00:15:42.57
to attack the middle of the
Union line at Cemetery Ridge.
00:15:42.60\00:15:46.37
This is known as the famous
Pickett's charge. However, his
00:15:46.41\00:15:52.18
brave soldiers are forced
to march across a mile of open
00:15:52.21\00:15:56.22
field. Fabled canon and muskets
take their toll. Historians have
00:15:56.25\00:16:03.79
remarked that the sounds of
the mass of canons may well have
00:16:03.83\00:16:08.00
been the loudest manmade sound
on the north American continent
00:16:08.03\00:16:12.23
up until that point. By the end
of the day this strategy also
00:16:12.27\00:16:18.17
failed and Lee is forced to
retreat from Gettysburg. His
00:16:18.21\00:16:22.24
invasion of the north had failed
Joshua Chamberlain continues to
00:16:22.28\00:16:33.92
serve until the end of the
Civil War. Chamberlain regularly
00:16:33.96\00:16:38.19
carried two things in his chest
pocket, a small Bible and a
00:16:38.23\00:16:42.30
framed picture of his wife Fanny
During a battle in March of 1965
00:16:42.33\00:16:47.87
a confederate bullet went
through the neck of his horse
00:16:47.90\00:16:51.97
and hit the picture frame before
circling around one of his ribs
00:16:52.01\00:16:56.24
just under the skin inside his
chest and exiting out his back.
00:16:56.28\00:17:00.05
Again he survived. A month later
General Chamberlain received a
00:17:00.08\00:17:07.19
special message. A Confederate
staff officer came to him under
00:17:07.22\00:17:12.29
a white flag and stated, Sir,
General Lee desires a cessation
00:17:12.33\00:17:17.70
of hostilities until he can hear
from General Grant as to the
00:17:17.73\00:17:21.84
proposed surrender. And so
concluded the biggest struggle
00:17:21.87\00:17:26.51
between the states. At the
Appomattox Court House on the
00:17:26.54\00:17:30.58
12th of April 1865 General Lee
surrendered his southern army.
00:17:30.61\00:17:38.62
The end of the war when
the Confederate Army was
00:17:38.65\00:17:40.46
surrendering, the Union Army
chose a man that had the respect
00:17:40.49\00:17:44.29
of both sides and that man was
Joshua Chamberlain. He received
00:17:44.33\00:17:48.83
the surrender flag from the
Confederate Army given to him by
00:17:48.86\00:17:51.23
General John Gordon and giving
testimony really to the courage
00:17:51.27\00:17:54.84
that was exhibited on this
battlefield in the mind's eye
00:17:54.87\00:17:57.51
would see him receiving that
surrender because of the impact
00:17:57.54\00:18:00.94
that not just we recognized
here but what the armies and the
00:18:00.98\00:18:04.25
general commanders recognized.
_ even the Confederate
00:18:04.28\00:18:08.22
Rebel Army recognized that
as well because that would be an
00:18:08.25\00:18:10.65
honor to turn it over to him,
Joshua Chamberlain, such a great
00:18:10.69\00:18:13.52
commander and person that fought
here at the Little Round Top at
00:18:13.56\00:18:17.99
Gettysburg.
00:18:18.03\00:18:19.36
He was gracious in victory and
showed the highest respect to
00:18:19.39\00:18:22.66
the Confederate leaders. He was
seen as a unifying figure and
00:18:22.70\00:18:27.54
played a major role in bringing
reconciliation between the
00:18:27.57\00:18:31.51
northern and southern states.
For his bravery here at the
00:18:31.54\00:18:42.72
battle of Little Round Top
Joshua Chamberlain received the
00:18:42.75\00:18:46.02
nation's highest award, the
Medal of Honor. His citation
00:18:46.05\00:18:50.39
reads:
00:18:50.43\00:18:51.76
Joshua Chamberlain died in
1914 from complications of his
00:19:30.83\00:19:36.77
lingering battle injuries. At
the age of 85, he was the last
00:19:36.81\00:19:41.81
Civil War veteran to die as
a result of war wounds and so
00:19:41.84\00:19:46.11
considered to be the last
casualty of the Civil War.
00:19:46.15\00:19:50.25
He was buried in Pine Grove
Cemetery in Brunswick where his
00:19:50.29\00:19:54.49
grave is marked with a reddish
granite stone. So let's come
00:19:54.52\00:20:03.57
back to the butterfly effect.
What is it and how does it work?
00:20:03.60\00:20:07.54
Well the concept is actually
quite simple. It asks if a
00:20:07.57\00:20:12.11
butterfly flaps it wings does
that movement have any effect
00:20:12.14\00:20:16.11
other than propelling the
butterfly. In 1863 a scientist,
00:20:16.14\00:20:22.38
Edward Lawrence, proposed that
a butterfly flapping its wings
00:20:22.42\00:20:25.19
could set molecules of air
in motion that could have far
00:20:25.22\00:20:29.12
reaching effects. Who hasn't
tossed a pebble into a pond and
00:20:29.16\00:20:33.29
watched the ever widening
ripples in the water? The pebble
00:20:33.33\00:20:37.17
sinks but it has a physical
effect on the movement of the
00:20:37.20\00:20:40.17
water. Could the same ripple
type effect happen in the air.
00:20:40.20\00:20:45.67
In his theory, the law
of sensitive dependence upon
00:20:45.71\00:20:48.41
initial conditions, Lawrence
went so far as to say that the
00:20:48.44\00:20:52.98
small movement of air caused
by a butterfly's wings could
00:20:53.01\00:20:56.75
generate and multiply enough air
movement to start a hurricane on
00:20:56.79\00:21:01.66
the other side of our planet.
Now if the movement of a small
00:21:01.69\00:21:06.03
butterfly can have such a
dramatic effect, what about us?
00:21:06.06\00:21:09.26
Does what we do and the
decisions we make have any
00:21:09.30\00:21:14.17
effect beyond the immediate?
Could it be that everything we
00:21:14.20\00:21:19.41
so results in an influence that
affects others? Is it possible
00:21:19.44\00:21:26.51
that the Battle of Gettysburg
fought here 150 years ago has
00:21:26.55\00:21:33.02
affected how you and I live
today. Some historians claim
00:21:33.05\00:21:37.03
that a single decision
made by one man on July 2, 1863
00:21:37.06\00:21:43.16
determined the course of history
The Butterfly Effect happened at
00:21:43.20\00:21:49.20
Gettysburg. In the face of
defeat, the decision made by
00:21:49.24\00:21:53.48
Joshua Chamberlain created a
pivotal point that would have
00:21:53.51\00:21:57.18
far reaching effects. Had it
not been for his order to fix
00:21:57.21\00:22:00.82
bayonets and charge the
Union Army might have lost this
00:22:00.85\00:22:06.05
battle of Gettysburg and
the Confederate Army could have
00:22:06.09\00:22:08.32
marched right into Washington DC
and won its independence. Then
00:22:08.36\00:22:13.63
the result of the Civil War
would have been a divided nation
00:22:13.66\00:22:17.10
North and South. The United
States would have been the
00:22:17.13\00:22:22.84
dis-United States. America
would have been carved into two,
00:22:22.87\00:22:26.74
perhaps three, or even
four different nations. But all
00:22:26.78\00:22:33.08
because one man of courage chose
to advance against the enemy on
00:22:33.11\00:22:36.75
this battlefield 150 years ago
the nation was kept intact. Had
00:22:36.79\00:22:42.62
it not been for Joshua
Chamberlain there might not have
00:22:42.66\00:22:45.46
been a United States. Had there
not been the United States the
00:22:45.49\00:22:50.77
political world might be
totally different today. For
00:22:50.80\00:22:54.30
example, without the United
States involvement in World War
00:22:54.34\00:22:58.44
II the outcome of the war would
have been different. Hitler and
00:22:58.47\00:23:01.88
the Nazis would have triumphed
in Europe and their allies would
00:23:01.91\00:23:06.25
have been victorious in the
Pacific. How different out world
00:23:06.28\00:23:10.62
would be today if it were
not for the decision of Joshua
00:23:10.65\00:23:15.62
Chamberlain. There's a Bible
story about another man called
00:23:15.66\00:23:20.43
Joshua. He was the leader of
Israel after Moses. He led his
00:23:20.46\00:23:24.40
soldiers into battle to claim
the promised land. He realized
00:23:24.43\00:23:29.07
that life is made up of choices
and that our decisions play a
00:23:29.10\00:23:33.38
key role in our destiny. His
advice is summed up in a simple
00:23:33.41\00:23:38.98
text:
00:23:39.01\00:23:40.35
Joshua knew that life is a
matter of choosing whom you will
00:23:49.59\00:23:53.50
serve. And that isn't a multiple
choice question. It's a decision
00:23:53.53\00:23:58.03
limited to two options. Joshua
realized that the greatest
00:23:58.07\00:24:02.60
battle is not fought on
the physical battlefield with a
00:24:02.64\00:24:05.44
visible enemy. The real battle
is with an invisible enemy. It's
00:24:05.47\00:24:10.35
a battle for your mind and your
will. The apostle Paul describes
00:24:10.38\00:24:14.75
the battle strategy in this way:
00:24:14.78\00:24:17.59
It's a spiritual battle that you
and I face every day, a battle
00:24:30.00\00:24:35.04
for our loyalty. The Bible says
that we belong to whomever we
00:24:35.07\00:24:40.91
choose to follow and obey. The
Bible says we belong to whomever
00:24:40.94\00:24:45.31
we give our allegiance to. Now
here's the amazing thing. The
00:24:45.35\00:24:51.02
works on a s
00:24:51.05\00:24:52.39