Good morning and
welcome to Spring Camp meeting
00:01:02.43\00:01:05.92
2010 here at the 3ABN
worship center. You know
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when you see a bunch
of great looking people
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standing before you and
you've got a suit on and
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a microphone you almost
want to automatically say
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happy Sabbath. It
just seems to fit. And then
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of course the next
thing you want to say is shall
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we have the offering.
It seems we just go when
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you got a bunch of
people together but we welcome
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you today number
two of our camp meeting
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encounter with the
Lord. And if you were with us
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last night you
know we had a wonderful
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time in the Lord didn't we.
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Two powerful
presentations, one by
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Dr. Bill Knott and
other by our friend the
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roadrunner we call
him David Asscherick.
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And he did stand still
long enough to give us a
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powerful word from the
Lord. Until this morning
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sitting is going to
really be a great one because
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I am a lover of
Adventist history and Bill Knott
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is going to be telling
us about Adventist History.
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He is of course the
editor editor of the Adventist
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review and is doing a
very, very fine job in that
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capacity, a preacher of
the word and a student of
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Adventist history and we
will hear in this particular
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seminar some of the
nuggets he has gleaned
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over the years as pastor,
editor, writer and author
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in the Adventist
Church. But before he comes,
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our friend
Darrell Marshall is here.
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Now, I've got a
little secret I heard about
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Darrell Marshall.
He is going to getting
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married very soon and
I, I told him backstage,
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all of those women
is going to be weeping,
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wailing and gnashing
of teeth. Because Darrell
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Marshall would no
longer be available, but he has
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been by himself for a
while now as you know his
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wife died tragically
several years ago and
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he has dedicated himself
to ministry. But somebody
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caught his eye and
his ear. His future wife
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is an expert
organist on the Hammond B3.
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And if you know
anything about the Hammond B3,
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that's a particular
organ with a great sound and
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she is an expert
organist. So she played just the
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right note and
landed a big fish.
00:03:03.65\00:03:07.48
Darrell Marshall
is coming to sing
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'there is a river'
and then after him without
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further ado our
presentation on Adventist
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history will come
from Dr. Bill Knott,
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editor of the Adventist Review.
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There is a river and
it flows from deep within.
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There is a fountain and
it frees the soul from sin.
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Come to these waters,
for there is a vast supply.
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There is a river
that never shall run dry.
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There came a thirsty woman,
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and she was drawing from a well.
00:05:06.32\00:05:13.34
You see her life, it
was ruined and wasted,
00:05:15.95\00:05:24.12
and her soul was bound for Hell.
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Oh! But then she met the Master,
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and he told her of her sin
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He said if you'll
drink from this water,
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you'll never thirst again.
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There is a river and
it flows from deep within.
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There is a fountain and
it frees the soul from sin.
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Come to these waters, for there
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is a vast supply.
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There is a river
that never shall run dry.
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Amen. Amen. She wasn't pretty,
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she wasn't witty, she
wasn't charming or famous
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or rich but her story
changed the life of the
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Seventh-Day Adventist
church and it's changed
00:08:09.83\00:08:13.53
my life too. I want
to tell you this morning
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about a remarkable
woman who many of you
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may never have heard
of, those of us who have
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grown up in this faith
will remember some small
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pieces of a story that
ended badly, described in
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first and second
volume of testimonies.
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We will get to that in
a movement but I want to
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show you first a
picture of a woman named Hannah
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More. Her story
begins in a town called Union
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Connecticut. I happened
to know quite a lot about
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Union Connecticut
because I was the pastor of the
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district that
included Union Connecticut but
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never knew her
story when I worked there.
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I drove the back
roads of Union all the time.
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Union is one of those
towns that got settled
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last and least because
it's a very poor farming
00:09:09.06\00:09:12.31
territory. It's a
jumble of rocks and ponds and
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twisted pine trees and
it's difficult to get any
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flat acreage to grow
much on. And the New England
00:09:18.93\00:09:22.25
farmers who tried to
make a living there mostly did
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it with dairy and with
a few subsistence crops.
00:09:24.93\00:09:29.02
Hannah More's
parents were no exception,
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they were trying to
raise a family and eke out a
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living on a farm that
almost exactly straddled
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the Connecticut
Massachusetts border
00:09:38.39\00:09:40.23
in Northeastern Connecticut.
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Hannah was born is
1808, just a few months before
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Abraham Lincoln. So, she
is a contemporary of many
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of the figures of early
Adventism and of American
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history in the 19th
century that you are
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familiar with.
She grew up in the
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Congregationalist
faith that was the dominant
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religion of New England
at the time. In fact I will
00:10:01.86\00:10:04.76
show you a picture
here of her home church in
00:10:04.95\00:10:07.78
Union. It's still a functioning
00:10:07.93\00:10:09.98
congressionalist
church I know I was just there
00:10:10.78\00:10:13.43
with them last fall.
They've invited me to
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come back and tell her
story in the church she
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used to worship in,
that comes up soon I hope.
00:10:18.84\00:10:21.40
She grew up there as
part of the great revivals of
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the 1810's and 20's
role through New England.
00:10:26.39\00:10:30.06
The second great
awakening was happening
00:10:31.33\00:10:32.97
over almost a 50
years span from about
00:10:33.03\00:10:35.59
1800 to 1850 in
America and it rolled through
00:10:35.87\00:10:39.95
New England in
successive waves, bringing more
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and more people to
revived faith in Jesus
00:10:42.75\00:10:45.06
Christ and ultimately
sowing the seeds of the
00:10:45.35\00:10:49.44
Millerite movement
and Adventism as we know
00:10:49.50\00:10:51.58
it today. But Hannah
More was one to faith as
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young child and took
her stand for Jesus publicly
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at the age of 12 in that
Union Connecticut church.
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She was from a
family of all girls save one
00:11:03.56\00:11:06.58
younger brother
and I have a sense that
00:11:06.74\00:11:09.64
there must have been
something special going
00:11:10.67\00:11:12.37
on in the More household.
There must have been a
00:11:12.40\00:11:15.64
kind of intellectual
climate some would call
00:11:15.86\00:11:18.26
it today, a place of
learning and activity
00:11:18.29\00:11:21.32
because the More girls
particularly became well
00:11:21.54\00:11:24.57
known in the Union
Connecticut community
00:11:24.83\00:11:26.76
and in surrounding
towns for their amazing
00:11:27.08\00:11:29.87
memories. When
Hannah would go to Sunday
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school with her
sisters, the other children when
00:11:33.73\00:11:37.30
asked to recite Bible
verses for their memory
00:11:37.40\00:11:39.92
verses would all
shake their heads and just
00:11:40.13\00:11:42.65
point at the More
sisters because they would
00:11:42.87\00:11:45.17
rattle off 200 and
more verses at a time. Amen.
00:11:45.33\00:11:48.78
One of her contemporaries
tells us from later
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in life that
Hannah More had the entire
00:11:52.33\00:11:55.43
New Testament memorized
and portions of the Old.
00:11:55.69\00:11:58.59
And you thought J.N.
Andrews was the only one
00:11:59.41\00:12:01.49
who had accomplished
that. No, in fact God was
00:12:02.06\00:12:05.57
working in lives in
many places including this
00:12:05.82\00:12:08.44
humble life in
Union Connecticut.
00:12:08.58\00:12:11.18
Hannah with these
amazing intellectual gifts
00:12:12.70\00:12:15.51
this memory gift
that God had given her,
00:12:15.99\00:12:18.21
longed to do
something with her life that
00:12:18.52\00:12:20.63
mattered more, she
felt than milking cows and
00:12:20.78\00:12:23.97
working on a dairy
farm with her family.
00:12:24.99\00:12:27.42
She knew she said
that she had been dedicated
00:12:28.00\00:12:30.41
to the Lord from
before her birth and she had
00:12:30.56\00:12:34.57
made her own
commitments and by the time she
00:12:34.76\00:12:37.32
was in her late teens
she had already begun to
00:12:37.37\00:12:39.89
seek work a public
school teacher in the
00:12:40.20\00:12:42.62
many little school
houses around that area of
00:12:42.70\00:12:44.81
Connecticut. We have
recovered letters and
00:12:45.04\00:12:47.16
fragments of her
time there, but she really
00:12:47.19\00:12:49.52
didn't want to be a
school teacher in a public
00:12:49.60\00:12:51.35
school system the
rest of her career what she
00:12:51.55\00:12:53.79
really wanted to be above
all else was a missionary.
00:12:54.03\00:12:57.96
There was just one
problem, if a woman
00:12:58.98\00:13:01.69
wanted to be a missionary
she better have a husband
00:13:05.26\00:13:06.23
and Hannah as a young
adult was not exactly the
00:13:06.79\00:13:10.23
kind of person by her
giftedness and her strong
00:13:10.26\00:13:13.38
personality that was
going to leave young man
00:13:13.56\00:13:16.00
weeping in the
Isles. Hannah was a school
00:13:16.16\00:13:19.83
teacher, she was a
clear, thoughtful, articulate
00:13:19.96\00:13:22.62
woman with these
amazing skills as I mentioned
00:13:22.77\00:13:25.82
it and it seemed that
while her sisters each
00:13:25.85\00:13:28.46
found husbands
Hannah did not. She began
00:13:28.67\00:13:32.82
writing the mission
boards in her late 20s,
00:13:32.94\00:13:36.32
I want to go as a
missionary she said.
00:13:37.07\00:13:39.41
And they wrote back and
said just as soon as your
00:13:40.24\00:13:41.92
married and she would
continue writing even as
00:13:42.29\00:13:45.66
she continued public
school teaching for eight
00:13:45.88\00:13:48.38
years she wrote the
mission boards in Boston
00:13:48.59\00:13:51.31
pleading for an
opportunity to go and
00:13:51.74\00:13:54.00
serve as a missionary
particularly in one region.
00:13:54.20\00:13:56.77
While she would have
liked to go to Africa,
00:13:57.68\00:13:59.27
her heart she said was
set on going to the area
00:14:00.22\00:14:03.77
then known as Indian
Territory, present-day
00:14:03.96\00:14:08.56
Oklahoma. The region in
which the five civilized
00:14:08.67\00:14:13.04
tribes of the American
southeast to which they
00:14:13.17\00:14:16.29
had been forced to
go on the trail of tears
00:14:16.47\00:14:19.13
when they were
driven out of Georgia,
00:14:19.41\00:14:20.54
North Carolina
and Tennessee by state
00:14:20.70\00:14:22.94
militias and the
United States president did
00:14:22.98\00:14:26.25
nothing to stop
the injustice. Lawful
00:14:26.52\00:14:29.39
landowners, individuals
who had long titles to
00:14:29.66\00:14:34.21
those lands were
driven out, whole families and
00:14:34.25\00:14:36.79
clans, thousands of
them died on the trail
00:14:36.82\00:14:39.71
of tears. And by the
early 1830's as these stories
00:14:39.74\00:14:42.92
were washing
through New England Hannah's
00:14:42.95\00:14:44.98
mind burned with a
desire to do something to
00:14:45.30\00:14:48.30
help this
afflicted people. So she kept
00:14:48.39\00:14:51.25
writing the mission
board, let me go to Indian
00:14:51.32\00:14:54.30
Territories she said
and they said you must be
00:14:54.55\00:14:57.56
crazy. You're a
single woman but you know
00:14:57.67\00:15:00.37
persistence often
pays off and eight years of
00:15:00.55\00:15:03.42
writing they either
got tired or something and
00:15:03.67\00:15:06.17
soon someone from the
mission board came out
00:15:06.43\00:15:09.05
to where Hannah was
attending the refresher
00:15:09.24\00:15:10.98
school course in
Western Massachusetts.
00:15:11.26\00:15:13.41
They interviewed her
and they realized that
00:15:13.60\00:15:15.84
she had the gifts of a
teacher and a missionary
00:15:16.04\00:15:19.08
though she wasn't
married yet. In fact
00:15:19.86\00:15:21.72
the mission board
president, who became
00:15:23.23\00:15:24.89
famous later in the
century is one of the
00:15:25.04\00:15:26.89
most prominent mission
directors in the country.
00:15:26.96\00:15:29.65
He said in cryptic line
about Hannah, I will not
00:15:33.38\00:15:34.35
say that she is ill
formed but she is better
00:15:34.36\00:15:36.25
suited to a teacher than a wife.
00:15:36.40\00:15:38.49
So much for male
chauvinism. Hannah
00:15:40.99\00:15:46.08
finally got that
opportunity in 1840.
00:15:46.34\00:15:49.12
A call to go and work
at Dwight mission and what
00:15:49.90\00:15:52.53
is now Eastern Oklahoma
in the middle of Cherokee
00:15:52.90\00:15:55.70
Territory where
the Cherokee had been
00:15:55.85\00:15:57.70
resettled after being
driven out of the southeast.
00:15:57.73\00:16:00.61
But getting there was
going to take some doing.
00:16:02.39\00:16:04.64
The mission board wrote
and said, by which method
00:16:05.76\00:16:09.09
of water would you
prefer to travel canal
00:16:09.15\00:16:11.56
boat, steam boat and she
said I frankly don't know,
00:16:11.81\00:16:16.23
I have never been
on water longer than to
00:16:16.35\00:16:17.84
cross the Connecticut
River. The thought of
00:16:21.90\00:16:22.87
making a 2500 mile
journey down rivers and
00:16:22.88\00:16:25.10
across up and up
other river branches was
00:16:25.76\00:16:28.57
daunting but Hannah
didn't stop it much.
00:16:28.81\00:16:31.15
She traveled down to
Pittsburgh with another
00:16:32.31\00:16:34.16
missionary couple
then boarded a boat on the
00:16:34.19\00:16:37.04
Ohio, went down to the
Mississippi, sailed down
00:16:37.30\00:16:40.24
the Mississippi
and eventually up on a
00:16:40.27\00:16:42.49
tributary into
eastern Oklahoma. And they
00:16:42.53\00:16:45.71
let her off, they let
her off as evening fell at a
00:16:45.74\00:16:50.43
little isolated
wharf with a single cabin.
00:16:50.65\00:16:53.38
She by herself,
the family that met her
00:16:55.53\00:16:58.71
there said well it's
dark, you probably want to
00:16:58.83\00:17:01.38
stay here tonight and
she did. Discovering the
00:17:01.60\00:17:06.55
next morning that she
had already met the first
00:17:06.90\00:17:09.06
Native Americans,
because that was the family
00:17:09.14\00:17:11.80
that hosted her. It
was another day and half
00:17:11.91\00:17:14.03
journey by horse pack
fording streams riding
00:17:14.14\00:17:17.11
through uncharted areas
with an Indian guide that
00:17:17.27\00:17:19.90
got her to Dwight
mission and let me tell you
00:17:20.19\00:17:21.91
I have been to
Dwight mission several times
00:17:22.30\00:17:24.32
it's still difficult to
get there. You have to know
00:17:24.40\00:17:27.36
where to get how to
do it and no GPS will get
00:17:27.39\00:17:29.88
you there. She
arrived at Dwight mission for
00:17:30.01\00:17:34.59
what would be a
seven years stay with no
00:17:34.62\00:17:37.08
furloughs. Seven years
away from her family in
00:17:37.59\00:17:41.35
New England. Away
from her aging parents,
00:17:41.38\00:17:44.49
seven years devoted to
the people she had come
00:17:45.59\00:17:48.15
to serve, whose cause
she had taken up in her
00:17:48.26\00:17:50.97
heart. She wanted justice
done for them, she wanted
00:17:51.15\00:17:53.83
the gospel in their
life and she was determined
00:17:53.92\00:17:56.44
that God was gonna
use her to bring it.
00:17:56.56\00:17:58.30
Amen. Amen. At
the mission station
00:17:59.17\00:18:01.17
she was the dormitory
dean. She taught classes,
00:18:01.38\00:18:05.13
she served as a cook,
she thought embroidery
00:18:05.54\00:18:08.24
and needlework. We
have recovered a picture of
00:18:08.27\00:18:11.80
that early Dwight mission
station, actually we know
00:18:11.99\00:18:15.25
now that this is one of
the earliest Prince ever
00:18:15.28\00:18:19.09
made of that place,
Dwight mission in the
00:18:19.35\00:18:21.79
1840s is exactly
when Hannah was there was
00:18:21.93\00:18:25.38
imaged in what's no
called daguerreotype,
00:18:25.41\00:18:27.58
not photography. If we
can put that slide up we
00:18:27.79\00:18:30.62
will see the oldest
known photo of the place
00:18:30.65\00:18:33.57
where she worked at
the time she was working
00:18:33.60\00:18:35.97
there. You can see
it was carved out of the
00:18:36.11\00:18:38.75
wilderness. And in
fact when you look at the
00:18:38.79\00:18:42.39
next pictures in this
sequence as we go now to
00:18:42.43\00:18:45.27
a picture of the old
school house that comes
00:18:45.30\00:18:47.63
from a little later than
when Hannah taught there.
00:18:47.66\00:18:50.34
You can see this is
not exactly a university of
00:18:50.54\00:18:53.56
major renowned. In
fact even today as we go to
00:18:53.76\00:18:57.17
the next slide you will
see that they have taken
00:18:57.20\00:18:59.99
some of those old
timbers and put them
00:19:00.10\00:19:01.59
back together in a
house that resembles one of
00:19:01.62\00:19:04.26
the kind that was
there when Hannah taught
00:19:04.47\00:19:06.26
there between 1840
and 1847. But Hannah
00:19:06.51\00:19:10.39
discovered something
as she worked among these
00:19:10.42\00:19:12.47
people. They
were desperately poor,
00:19:12.50\00:19:14.55
they had been
dispossessed from their
00:19:14.78\00:19:16.14
land but not all of
them were poor and not all
00:19:16.42\00:19:19.43
of them had a keen
sense of justice as she had.
00:19:19.46\00:19:22.25
Many of them had
brought their slaves with them
00:19:22.57\00:19:24.92
from the American
southeast. And Hannah
00:19:25.09\00:19:27.76
was disappointed to
discover that the people
00:19:27.88\00:19:31.59
she had come to free
were themselves keeping
00:19:31.82\00:19:35.57
others in slavery and
what made it worse for
00:19:35.60\00:19:38.94
her was that the
mission board for which she
00:19:39.05\00:19:41.22
worked tolerated
the holding of slaves by
00:19:41.39\00:19:44.33
people who had joined
the same faith that she
00:19:44.51\00:19:46.28
belonged to. She had
read the Gospel, she knew
00:19:46.53\00:19:49.02
that Christ came
to set us free, Amen.
00:19:49.05\00:19:52.70
And she was
determined to see that freedom
00:19:52.83\00:19:54.66
extended to all
the people she served.
00:19:54.93\00:19:57.41
She kept writing the
mission board back in
00:19:58.49\00:19:59.93
Boston. We have
now recovered some 95
00:19:59.96\00:20:02.55
of her letters over
her lifetime. She kept
00:20:03.74\00:20:06.69
writing the mission
board urging them to take
00:20:06.76\00:20:08.72
action and they kept
saying it is a bigger
00:20:08.75\00:20:10.95
issue than you know
Sister More. Hannah was
00:20:11.20\00:20:14.86
not always I suspect
the easiest person to work
00:20:15.02\00:20:18.16
alongside in a
mission station. Particularly
00:20:18.19\00:20:21.65
when other people
were in a sort of go along
00:20:22.07\00:20:24.61
and get along mode.
Nothing about Hannah
00:20:25.00\00:20:27.50
was ever casual, if
she taught you, you learn,
00:20:27.99\00:20:31.24
if she watched you
embroider, you did it
00:20:31.68\00:20:33.50
well, or you pull
the stitches out, if she
00:20:33.53\00:20:36.28
cooked it was good
food and good for you.
00:20:36.46\00:20:38.58
Hannah knew that
excellence was what the
00:20:40.14\00:20:42.21
Lord required. And the
longer she stayed there
00:20:42.24\00:20:45.31
and the more she
released that the mission
00:20:45.53\00:20:47.14
board wasn't going to
change anything she began
00:20:47.32\00:20:49.78
appealing for a
new assignment and so,
00:20:49.96\00:20:51.39
they said alright you
can go Choctaw territory a
00:20:51.67\00:20:54.46
little further south
west in Oklahoma. And so,
00:20:54.49\00:20:57.51
she went and spent
another year and half
00:20:57.64\00:20:59.13
there in both places,
she learned the native
00:20:59.29\00:21:02.09
language, Cherokee
and Choctaw, learned it
00:21:02.51\00:21:04.50
fluently, learned to
write it and speak it.
00:21:04.72\00:21:06.83
She alone among the
missionaries working
00:21:07.27\00:21:09.43
there, among
the congressionalist
00:21:09.62\00:21:10.69
missionaries would
go and travel among the
00:21:10.91\00:21:13.09
people staying in
their homes. Other white
00:21:13.25\00:21:16.65
missionaries would not
do that. She insisted that
00:21:16.81\00:21:19.45
was part of her
responsibility. While she
00:21:19.53\00:21:22.64
was at Dwight
mission, she often spent time
00:21:22.80\00:21:27.48
down by the river
that runs behind Dwight.
00:21:28.09\00:21:30.29
You will see a
picture of it coming up now
00:21:30.48\00:21:32.18
I have been down
there several times standing
00:21:32.59\00:21:34.50
on the reconstructed
dock thinking about the
00:21:34.65\00:21:37.12
woman who must
have come down here many
00:21:37.47\00:21:39.70
times to pray, to
think, to think about home,
00:21:39.88\00:21:45.10
to think about what
it was that God wanted
00:21:45.98\00:21:48.09
her to do with the rest
of her life. Down here in
00:21:48.31\00:21:51.10
this quite spot by the
river she must have often
00:21:51.26\00:21:54.04
had conversations with
the Lord. We know a fair
00:21:54.28\00:21:56.68
amount about her time
at Dwight mission because
00:21:56.85\00:21:59.05
she wrote home.
There was a post office,
00:21:59.08\00:22:02.05
it was literally at
Dwight mission a tiny little hut
00:22:02.92\00:22:06.42
on the edge of the
campus and Hannah as a
00:22:06.84\00:22:10.37
very prolific word
smith, spun words quickly
00:22:10.60\00:22:14.08
and lots of them. If
you'll pull up the next
00:22:15.10\00:22:17.32
slide you will see a
sample of one of letters
00:22:17.48\00:22:20.15
Hannah wrote home.
Now, if anything looks a
00:22:20.32\00:22:24.03
little odd about that
image, its when you begin
00:22:24.19\00:22:27.67
noticing that the writing
goes both left, right and
00:22:27.90\00:22:31.42
north, south, it's a
kind of writing its become
00:22:31.64\00:22:35.45
known in some places
as crosshatch because it
00:22:35.58\00:22:38.84
looks very much
like a grid or a quilt.
00:22:38.87\00:22:41.63
Paper was precious on
the American frontier and
00:22:42.51\00:22:45.83
so many of
Hannah's letters that I've
00:22:45.90\00:22:47.27
recovered she begins
in a fairly large looping
00:22:47.51\00:22:50.19
script that gets smaller,
and smaller, and smaller
00:22:50.69\00:22:53.62
as she works her way
toward the end of the
00:22:53.69\00:22:55.08
paper and then
she circles around the
00:22:55.11\00:22:57.09
outside and then she
writes on the envelope
00:22:57.21\00:22:59.55
and she circles the
stamp. She always had
00:22:59.89\00:23:03.11
more to say. Eventually
she came on the idea of
00:23:03.29\00:23:06.97
writing and
spacing her writing in this
00:23:07.15\00:23:09.31
crosshatch fashion.
You read across left,
00:23:09.55\00:23:12.87
right then you turn the
page 90 degrees and read
00:23:12.90\00:23:15.63
across left, right
again. Trust me it takes a while
00:23:16.01\00:23:19.65
to decipher words on a
page when they look like
00:23:19.77\00:23:22.62
that. I have spent as
much as three hours on a
00:23:22.92\00:23:25.56
single page trying to
tease the words out of
00:23:25.72\00:23:28.99
the old microfilm
from which these were
00:23:29.02\00:23:31.08
recovered. Hannah
wrote and taught and prayed,
00:23:31.53\00:23:36.39
watched revivals come
through and was excited
00:23:37.09\00:23:39.68
in 1843 when a
young Millerite preacher
00:23:39.83\00:23:42.43
straight from
Boston, from William Millers
00:23:43.07\00:23:44.75
revival came to Dwight
mission with the news of
00:23:44.79\00:23:47.42
the soon coming of
Jesus. We know that Hannah
00:23:47.45\00:23:50.21
latched on to
that message quickly,
00:23:50.43\00:23:52.03
latched on to the
belief that Jesus would come,
00:23:53.71\00:23:55.91
physically come some
where between 1843 and
00:23:56.16\00:23:59.04
1844. And there was a
lot of opposition among
00:23:59.24\00:24:02.04
her peers at the
mission station, the local
00:24:02.20\00:24:04.24
preacher in fact
preached a series of
00:24:04.27\00:24:06.88
Anti Adventist sermons
proving that as he said
00:24:07.15\00:24:10.30
they were all
wrong. Hannah may have gone
00:24:10.33\00:24:12.78
quite but she hid that
one in her heart and some
00:24:12.81\00:24:15.80
years later it would
blossom. By 1847 when she
00:24:16.08\00:24:20.36
had finished her
year and half in Choctaw
00:24:20.39\00:24:22.42
Territory, she was
again so frustrated with the
00:24:22.53\00:24:25.89
slave holding habits
of those whom she served
00:24:26.16\00:24:28.63
that she requested
to go home and she went
00:24:29.25\00:24:31.07
back to New England
spent a year convalescing
00:24:31.29\00:24:34.17
after episodes of bad
health in Oklahoma and
00:24:34.52\00:24:38.36
then went to work in
small public schools in
00:24:38.39\00:24:42.94
the area just south
of Watertown, New York.
00:24:42.97\00:24:45.77
Up again on a
frontier area where logging was
00:24:46.83\00:24:50.00
the major industry,
she worked in hardscrabble
00:24:50.03\00:24:53.11
little towns. I have
recovered her name from
00:24:53.24\00:24:56.08
census records, I have
even been able to figure
00:24:56.32\00:24:58.56
out the families
who lived on the streets
00:24:58.76\00:25:01.18
that were served by the
schools where she taught.
00:25:01.34\00:25:03.30
I have been visited the
cemeteries where various
00:25:04.04\00:25:06.56
people with whom she
stayed during that time
00:25:06.76\00:25:08.68
lie today. While
there she became more and
00:25:08.90\00:25:12.40
more convinced that
God intended no human
00:25:12.58\00:25:16.14
being to be in
slavery. The home she stayed is
00:25:16.32\00:25:19.48
now been identified as
a very likely spot on the
00:25:19.51\00:25:22.37
underground rail
road running through that
00:25:22.40\00:25:24.22
stretch of Northern
New York where slaves who
00:25:24.29\00:25:27.22
had escaped from the
south were fleeing to
00:25:27.25\00:25:29.31
Canada. Very likely
Hannah herself was part
00:25:29.40\00:25:33.69
of some of those
escape attempts, but she still
00:25:33.85\00:25:36.73
had them in her mind I
don't want to be a public
00:25:36.85\00:25:39.25
school teacher, I
wanna be a missionary,
00:25:39.50\00:25:41.83
I wanna be a
missionary. During her time in
00:25:42.67\00:25:45.69
Oklahoma she had
come to know some famous
00:25:45.98\00:25:48.12
people and her
connections perhaps
00:25:48.30\00:25:50.29
helped her make some
of those opportunities
00:25:50.86\00:25:52.71
materialize to become
a missionary. One of them
00:25:52.98\00:25:55.81
was the great
Cherokee Chief John Ross whose
00:25:55.84\00:25:58.13
picture you will see
here in a moment. John Ross
00:25:58.35\00:26:00.60
was one of the most
celebrated figures of
00:26:00.83\00:26:03.24
that age among Native
Americans. The head of a
00:26:03.46\00:26:07.71
warring Cherokee
faction, he spent many years
00:26:07.98\00:26:10.90
lobbying in Washington
D.C. well known to the
00:26:11.09\00:26:13.57
mission boards.
Hannah almost also certainly
00:26:13.60\00:26:16.37
knew the
Cherokee Indian Sequoyah.
00:26:16.46\00:26:19.98
You will
remember perhaps from your
00:26:20.99\00:26:22.29
American History
lessons that Sequoyah invented
00:26:22.32\00:26:26.01
the Cherokee alphabet.
His cabin was a mere 15
00:26:26.04\00:26:29.28
miles from Dwight
mission, he was frequently at
00:26:29.61\00:26:31.82
Dwight. We don't have
a record of their actual
00:26:31.96\00:26:33.70
meeting but it seems
almost inevitable that
00:26:33.83\00:26:36.23
they did because she
learned Cherokee and she
00:26:36.28\00:26:39.26
learned the alphabet
that he had invented.
00:26:39.41\00:26:41.44
When she went back
she; looking for connections
00:26:43.46\00:26:46.05
for people who could
recommend her to mission
00:26:46.10\00:26:48.84
stations in Africa,
she eventually found an
00:26:49.15\00:26:52.22
abolitionist mission
board. An Abolitionist
00:26:52.47\00:26:55.76
mission board was one
that insisted no one in
00:26:55.93\00:26:58.58
their ranks could
hold slaves or tolerate the
00:26:58.67\00:27:01.71
holding of the slaves.
And in 1850 she got the
00:27:01.95\00:27:04.84
call she had been waiting for,
00:27:05.14\00:27:06.33
the opportunity to go
to Africa, to serve on the
00:27:06.92\00:27:10.23
west coast of Africa.
We'll skip through one
00:27:10.38\00:27:14.12
slide that after
showing bead work that she did
00:27:14.44\00:27:16.70
with her students at
Dwight mission to show
00:27:16.85\00:27:18.94
you an image of the
west coast of Africa as it
00:27:18.97\00:27:22.35
looked to cartographers
in the 1850s when she
00:27:22.51\00:27:25.98
arrived there.
Hannah More had never being
00:27:26.12\00:27:29.72
on an ocean vessel,
but she packed things up,
00:27:29.91\00:27:33.14
sailed out of Boston
and in fact we can even
00:27:34.33\00:27:38.12
today discover the
manifest of the things
00:27:38.54\00:27:40.76
she took with her.
Hannah did not have many
00:27:41.04\00:27:44.65
illusions about what
mission service in Africa
00:27:44.91\00:27:47.68
was going to cost. On
of the things listed on
00:27:48.26\00:27:51.38
the manifest among
her own belongings,
00:27:51.41\00:27:54.37
the few belongings
there was a shroud and a
00:27:54.72\00:27:58.20
coffin. That's how she
expected to returned she
00:27:58.35\00:28:03.49
literally took with
her as many did in those
00:28:03.52\00:28:05.76
days who were going
to mission service the
00:28:05.79\00:28:07.99
means by which their
bodies would be returned
00:28:08.39\00:28:10.53
to their loved ones
one day. And in fact when
00:28:10.56\00:28:13.38
Hannah arrived on
the West Coast of Africa
00:28:13.41\00:28:15.67
in what is today
Sierra Leone, she went to work
00:28:16.01\00:28:18.54
among a group of West
Africans, who had been
00:28:18.73\00:28:22.86
enslaved, who had
then been mutinied, who had
00:28:23.15\00:28:25.97
then been arrested,
who had then been tried and
00:28:26.09\00:28:28.92
who have
ultimately were freed by the
00:28:29.19\00:28:30.50
United States Supreme
Court. If you've heard
00:28:30.77\00:28:32.60
the name Amistad,
then you know the group
00:28:32.63\00:28:35.79
I am talking about. A
group of African slaves
00:28:35.90\00:28:38.91
who mutinied against
their slave holders on a
00:28:38.96\00:28:41.86
ship off the Cuba coast,
sailed their freed vessel
00:28:42.12\00:28:45.07
into New Haven in
1840 and were ultimately
00:28:45.33\00:28:48.94
arrested by people
they thought would welcome
00:28:49.12\00:28:51.11
them, only an act of
the United States Supreme
00:28:51.14\00:28:54.65
Court ultimately
freed them. They went back
00:28:54.68\00:28:56.54
to the coast of Sierra
Leone and Hannah went to
00:28:56.79\00:28:59.98
work among them. So,
we have her record of
00:29:00.12\00:29:02.79
working among these
famous celebrated freed
00:29:03.00\00:29:06.26
slaves, now repatriated
to Africa. On the West
00:29:06.49\00:29:10.12
Coast of Africa
things were difficult.
00:29:10.15\00:29:12.58
She went a party of a 11
others, five other women,
00:29:14.64\00:29:17.93
six men, within
six months the other
00:29:18.78\00:29:22.97
five women were dead.
All victims of Malaria,
00:29:23.20\00:29:28.16
at that time it
wasn't known that Malaria was
00:29:29.52\00:29:31.57
communicated by
mosquitoes. They kept
00:29:31.75\00:29:34.46
thinking it was
something that came up in the
00:29:34.55\00:29:36.40
night air, a
miasma Hannah called it.
00:29:36.58\00:29:39.66
We now know that she
probably survived because
00:29:40.58\00:29:43.16
she herself had
already contracted and survived
00:29:43.19\00:29:46.41
malaria in the
American Southwest and probably
00:29:46.60\00:29:49.54
had some immunity.
The five other women died,
00:29:49.57\00:29:53.38
the six men said we
can't stay here, they went
00:29:53.60\00:29:55.98
back down to the coast
30 miles down the river,
00:29:56.11\00:29:58.61
leaving one person at
a mission station of 200
00:29:58.89\00:30:01.71
students, one person to
be the teacher, the cook,
00:30:01.90\00:30:06.99
the preacher in the
middle of tribal warfare.
00:30:07.86\00:30:12.45
Hannah writes
about bodies lying in the
00:30:13.30\00:30:15.43
mission yard as tribal
warfare racked the area.
00:30:15.58\00:30:19.10
As Muslim tribes
fought animist tribes and you
00:30:20.01\00:30:23.22
could hear the
pounding of drums outside the
00:30:23.42\00:30:25.11
mission station all
the time. Hannah held forth
00:30:25.14\00:30:30.56
for almost two years
as the only missionary up
00:30:31.71\00:30:37.34
there at that mission
station. Ultimately they
00:30:37.68\00:30:41.82
sent another family
to come work the station,
00:30:41.99\00:30:44.25
a family that became a
life long friend of hers,
00:30:44.44\00:30:46.85
but Sunday after Sunday
in her faith she stood up
00:30:48.26\00:30:50.65
and she preached
trying out the skills to which
00:30:51.33\00:30:53.81
she thought God had
called her. She writes in
00:30:53.91\00:30:56.62
another place that she
had believed ever since
00:30:56.69\00:30:59.07
she was a young woman
that God had called her
00:30:59.16\00:31:01.35
to publicly testify about
her faith and so, she did,
00:31:01.51\00:31:04.25
she was the only
option Sunday after Sunday
00:31:04.60\00:31:06.77
preaching developing
skills leading people to
00:31:07.12\00:31:09.37
Christ as revivals
began to break out at that
00:31:09.63\00:31:12.10
mission station,
Hannah was there in the middle
00:31:12.31\00:31:14.27
of them praying
with sinners on the floor
00:31:14.30\00:31:16.43
weeping along side
individuals who were
00:31:16.73\00:31:18.60
giving their hearts
to Jesus. The family that
00:31:18.76\00:31:21.17
joined her in the
mid 1850s stayed there
00:31:21.39\00:31:23.83
through her time and
when she finally got so
00:31:24.21\00:31:26.55
ill in the late 1850s
that she had to return to
00:31:26.99\00:31:29.98
America after another
seven year on furloughed
00:31:30.26\00:31:33.21
stint, they carried on
at the mission station,
00:31:33.50\00:31:36.28
stayed on for some
more years. She came back
00:31:36.42\00:31:39.12
in about 1858 to Connecticut to
00:31:39.15\00:31:41.92
convalesce, to try
to recover her health.
00:31:42.13\00:31:44.23
She again taught
school, again stayed with family
00:31:45.21\00:31:48.73
in her hometown of
Union. And by the time 1861
00:31:48.91\00:31:54.54
came along, as Hannah
was beginning to again
00:31:54.81\00:31:57.63
have a burning heart
to go back into mission
00:31:57.77\00:31:59.71
service she came
across a very interesting
00:32:00.01\00:32:03.00
individual. His
name was Steven Haskell,
00:32:03.10\00:32:06.13
a very young and
yet unordained Adventist
00:32:07.26\00:32:10.39
preacher. Steven
Haskell must have been a man
00:32:10.65\00:32:14.38
of some ingenuity.
You wouldn't usually
00:32:14.47\00:32:17.70
think of a funeral as an
evangelistic opportunity,
00:32:17.86\00:32:20.85
but the first union
general to die in the
00:32:21.33\00:32:23.67
American Civil war
happened to come from
00:32:23.85\00:32:25.97
a town that
neighbored Union Connecticut and
00:32:26.17\00:32:28.32
there was a major
funeral as thousands of
00:32:28.35\00:32:30.92
people flocked into
the area to attend the
00:32:31.18\00:32:33.63
funeral of this first
Union General to die in the
00:32:33.67\00:32:36.57
civil war. Steven
Haskell thought, big crowd big
00:32:36.91\00:32:39.95
opportunity, he
announced an evangelistic
00:32:39.98\00:32:43.63
series at a little
school house and guess who
00:32:43.66\00:32:45.80
showed up. It was a
school house after all;
00:32:46.02\00:32:49.05
Hannah More sat there
and listened to someone
00:32:50.50\00:32:53.32
talk about the scriptures
in a way that resonated
00:32:53.64\00:32:56.97
with her own
thinking about where God was
00:32:57.64\00:32:59.76
leading in her life.
She didn't have to open her
00:32:59.98\00:33:02.73
New Testament to
check out and see whether he
00:33:02.81\00:33:04.78
was quoting correctly.
In fact when you read her
00:33:05.06\00:33:09.12
letters, you rarely go
more than two sentences
00:33:09.38\00:33:12.48
without a quotation or
an illusion to scripture.
00:33:12.89\00:33:15.33
Her writing is laced
with the thought and the idiom
00:33:15.50\00:33:18.66
of scripture. She sat
and listened to Haskell
00:33:18.94\00:33:22.05
through part of that
one day and than discovered
00:33:22.31\00:33:24.73
at the end of the day
that Haskell and his wife
00:33:24.76\00:33:26.73
were staying at the
same boarding house where
00:33:27.08\00:33:28.66
she was staying that
night. Haskell tells us
00:33:28.86\00:33:30.96
later they stayed up
most of the night opening
00:33:31.05\00:33:33.68
the Bible and
talking together, down in the
00:33:33.71\00:33:35.44
parlor. And in fact
Haskell says when he
00:33:35.60\00:33:38.47
came down in the
morning. Hannah was still
00:33:38.63\00:33:40.49
sitting there going
over those Bible texts he had
00:33:40.83\00:33:43.30
been sharing with her.
00:33:43.33\00:33:44.30
Haskell began feeding
her Adventist literature,
00:33:47.38\00:33:50.29
sending her books and
pamphlets including J.N.
00:33:51.59\00:33:53.97
Andrews' history of
the Sabbath. By the time
00:33:54.20\00:33:57.02
Hannah managed to
find a way to get back to
00:33:57.18\00:34:00.09
Africa in late 1862
paying her own way this
00:34:00.33\00:34:04.34
time as an independent
missionary. Haskell made
00:34:04.37\00:34:07.68
that she would stay
supplied with Adventist
00:34:07.71\00:34:09.86
literature when she
reached Africa by making
00:34:09.99\00:34:12.47
sure that a subscription
to a little magazine
00:34:12.50\00:34:14.79
called the
Adventist review got to her.
00:34:14.98\00:34:17.62
Now you know why I
love this story, Hannah
00:34:18.94\00:34:23.81
began reading the
copies of review in Herald now
00:34:23.98\00:34:26.49
the Adventist review
that arrived by packet both
00:34:26.79\00:34:28.94
there on the West
Coast of Africa. You're gonna
00:34:29.22\00:34:31.70
see an image now of one
of the places she worked,
00:34:31.76\00:34:34.11
the Cape Palmas mission
station right on the very
00:34:34.14\00:34:37.43
Western Horn of
Africa. She worked as an
00:34:37.80\00:34:42.74
independent at a
variety of mission stations up
00:34:42.87\00:34:45.35
and down the West
African coast for the
00:34:45.38\00:34:47.12
several years, but only
six months into her time
00:34:47.45\00:34:51.36
there. She wrote a
letter, a letter that
00:34:51.52\00:34:54.83
got published in that
little magazine she had
00:34:54.86\00:34:56.94
been receiving, from
Sister More in Africa
00:34:56.97\00:35:02.26
and in May 1863, she
wrote words that I don't
00:35:03.58\00:35:06.98
think I will ever
forget. She wrote to the editor
00:35:07.15\00:35:10.92
of the magazine
saying you may now be assured
00:35:11.11\00:35:14.90
that you have whole
hearted Sabbath keepers
00:35:14.93\00:35:19.47
here on the
West Coast of Africa.
00:35:21.61\00:35:22.98
Amen. Amen. Hannah had already
00:35:23.88\00:35:24.85
won a convert, that
was her nature after all.
00:35:24.87\00:35:28.12
If you believe
something you're not quiet about
00:35:28.56\00:35:30.48
it. Amen. If you
believe in the truth you share
00:35:30.60\00:35:33.03
it with some one and
one of the persons she
00:35:33.26\00:35:34.64
shared with was an
Australian Missionary
00:35:34.72\00:35:37.30
surviving at the same
station by the name of
00:35:37.69\00:35:39.21
Dickenson. She
persuaded Dickenson of the truth
00:35:39.39\00:35:42.69
of the Sabbath, of the
truth of the soon coming
00:35:42.83\00:35:44.55
of Jesus, she wrote
you may now considered that
00:35:44.59\00:35:47.46
you have whole
hearted Sabbath keeping
00:35:47.60\00:35:49.85
Seventh-Day Adventists
here on the West Coast
00:35:50.10\00:35:52.65
of Africa. She and
Dickenson and we've
00:35:52.69\00:35:54.99
discovered since
Haskell tell us that she made
00:35:55.31\00:35:59.28
numerous converts up
and down the West Coast
00:35:59.85\00:36:02.32
of Africa. Amen. But
Dickenson perhaps didn't
00:36:02.36\00:36:07.72
manage to finance it
very well and his belief
00:36:07.89\00:36:11.96
in the Sabbath soon
got him fired. He packed
00:36:11.99\00:36:15.73
things up and went
back to Australia and became
00:36:15.81\00:36:18.35
the first Sabbath
keeping Adventist on the
00:36:18.55\00:36:21.33
continent of Australia.
So, Hannah More not only
00:36:21.43\00:36:25.46
is the first
Sabbath keeping Adventist on
00:36:25.53\00:36:28.25
the African continent
she is directly responsible
00:36:28.30\00:36:33.04
for the first Sabbath
keeping Adventist on the
00:36:33.19\00:36:35.79
continent of
Australia. A woman who launched
00:36:35.97\00:36:38.29
Adventist missions on
two continents and most
00:36:38.49\00:36:40.41
of you never heard of her.
00:36:40.51\00:36:41.48
We know stories
about everyone else,
00:36:43.44\00:36:45.30
every Adventist school
child can tell you about
00:36:46.08\00:36:48.52
the time Joseph Bates
fell off a canal boat on
00:36:48.55\00:36:51.48
the Erie canal, but we
don't know about a woman
00:36:51.66\00:36:55.22
who started
Adventist presence on two
00:36:55.72\00:36:57.54
continents. Hannah
read herself into Adventism
00:36:57.83\00:37:02.95
more and more, waiting
for the opportunity when
00:37:03.09\00:37:05.43
she could be baptized
by a Seventh-Day Adventist
00:37:05.51\00:37:09.15
pastor. She believed it
she considered herself in
00:37:09.68\00:37:12.40
every sense a Seventh-Day
Adventist, taught where
00:37:12.62\00:37:15.29
she could, preach
when she could, but by 1865
00:37:15.40\00:37:19.60
and '66, her
mission hosts were not so
00:37:19.68\00:37:22.20
comfortable with her
Sabbath keeping Adventism
00:37:22.30\00:37:24.91
they were after of
all Episcopalians or
00:37:24.94\00:37:27.10
Anglicans or Methodists,
and they were not all
00:37:27.38\00:37:30.93
together
comfortable with this very clear
00:37:31.08\00:37:34.41
forth right
articulate Adventist among them.
00:37:34.44\00:37:37.18
And they began saying
things like wouldn't you
00:37:37.95\00:37:39.55
feel it be more
comfortable for you
00:37:39.80\00:37:41.26
back in the States.
And Hannah released that at
00:37:41.39\00:37:44.54
some point that and her
declining health she was
00:37:44.73\00:37:47.02
going to need to
return home and so she did.
00:37:47.12\00:37:49.55
In the summer of
1866 she sailed back into
00:37:50.26\00:37:53.77
Boston. When she got
to Boston, she got on the
00:37:54.03\00:37:58.27
railway and she rode
to a town that I know
00:37:58.54\00:38:00.99
real well. A town
called South Lancaster,
00:38:01.16\00:38:03.86
where I spend a big part
of my life where Atlantic
00:38:04.12\00:38:06.66
Union College stands
today. She went to the
00:38:06.78\00:38:09.67
home of surprisingly
enough, Steven Haskell.
00:38:09.70\00:38:12.81
He and his wife lived
right beside the Church
00:38:13.58\00:38:16.54
that today is known as
the village Seventh-Day
00:38:16.67\00:38:18.90
Adventist church, we'll
pull that picture up now.
00:38:19.00\00:38:20.95
You'll look at the
interior of a Church that
00:38:21.74\00:38:24.15
was organized in
1864, it was only, had only
00:38:24.18\00:38:28.45
been there a couple
of years not in that
00:38:28.48\00:38:31.16
building but as a
company of Adventist.
00:38:31.30\00:38:33.45
The very first person
ever baptized into that
00:38:34.07\00:38:37.80
church was Hannah
More. In 1866, she
00:38:37.83\00:38:42.48
finally got a chance
three years after living
00:38:42.52\00:38:44.90
the Adventist faith to
be baptized down very likely
00:38:44.93\00:38:48.68
in the Nashua
River just a mile away.
00:38:48.71\00:38:50.97
She lived with the
Haskells for most of the
00:38:52.65\00:38:54.17
next year, wrote
letters to her family trying to
00:38:54.23\00:38:57.49
persuade them of the
truth she now believed
00:38:57.72\00:39:00.13
and embraced with all
of her life, she had more
00:39:00.22\00:39:02.80
than 20 years of
mission experience behind her,
00:39:02.87\00:39:05.48
there was no one in the
Adventist Church like her,
00:39:06.02\00:39:08.32
no one yet had
caught the vision of foreign
00:39:08.40\00:39:10.35
missions to which
Hannah had already dedicated
00:39:10.46\00:39:12.62
her life. No one had
the experience of crossing
00:39:12.70\00:39:15.84
salt water, this was
after all still eight
00:39:16.11\00:39:18.14
years before
Andrews would go to Europe.
00:39:18.33\00:39:20.52
Michael Czechowski in
late 1863 had gone off
00:39:21.93\00:39:24.60
an independent to
Europe and had begun winning
00:39:24.71\00:39:28.17
some converts but
himself ran into trouble
00:39:28.36\00:39:30.52
and ultimately left
that faith of Adventism.
00:39:31.26\00:39:32.87
Hannah however, the
flame burned more brightly.
00:39:33.58\00:39:36.30
I have read letters
where she argues with
00:39:36.93\00:39:38.70
a young upstart
nephew of his who considered
00:39:38.73\00:39:41.03
himself quite a
theologian and Hannah, as my
00:39:41.13\00:39:43.93
sons would say took
him off at the knees.
00:39:43.96\00:39:46.38
Hannah could have
marshaled Biblical
00:39:48.06\00:39:49.78
arguments like few
people and she didn't hesitate
00:39:49.82\00:39:52.47
to say so. Amen. But
a bigger goal has begun
00:39:52.51\00:39:56.15
growing in her mind,
she wanted to get where
00:39:56.41\00:40:00.12
there was a large
community of Adventists
00:40:00.15\00:40:02.24
and the one place
that came to her mind was
00:40:02.96\00:40:05.60
Battle Creek. That's
where that magazine was
00:40:05.87\00:40:08.73
being printed.
That was where James and
00:40:08.84\00:40:11.02
Ellen White lived at
various times when they
00:40:11.17\00:40:13.31
weren't traveling or
off at a, at a place where
00:40:13.34\00:40:16.17
James is recovering
his health in Greenville.
00:40:16.33\00:40:18.48
So, she made up her
mind in the summer of
00:40:19.39\00:40:20.77
1867 to travel to
Battle Creek. It was about a
00:40:21.11\00:40:24.55
four day journey
by rail then. You can
00:40:24.88\00:40:28.03
imagine taking that
long by rail, made her way to
00:40:28.18\00:40:32.49
Battle Creek,
financed her own way sure that
00:40:32.75\00:40:35.96
by the time she got to
Battle Creek people who
00:40:36.03\00:40:39.38
had seen her letters
through the years in the
00:40:39.47\00:40:42.28
review and herald,
somebody would create an
00:40:42.37\00:40:44.79
opportunity. They
would say Sister More,
00:40:44.84\00:40:47.45
we need a school teacher,
there was no one like her
00:40:47.66\00:40:49.97
in Adventism with
25 years of teaching
00:40:50.02\00:40:52.49
experience already
much of it as a foreign
00:40:52.67\00:40:54.87
missionary.
Someone would say we need a
00:40:54.90\00:40:56.80
governess for our
children, some Adventist
00:40:57.01\00:40:58.91
would say Sister More
you have spent your life
00:40:59.14\00:41:01.55
for the Lord just live
here with us but when she
00:41:01.66\00:41:03.34
got to Battle Creek in
July 1867 happened to be
00:41:03.65\00:41:08.14
on carriage; a rail
carriage with the wife
00:41:08.35\00:41:11.04
of an Adventist
preacher when she got off.
00:41:11.32\00:41:13.28
It just didn't work
out. We know that she stayed
00:41:14.34\00:41:19.09
at the Western
Health Reform institute what
00:41:19.79\00:41:22.17
would ultimately
battle be Battle Creek
00:41:22.20\00:41:23.81
Sanitarium, she
stayed the maximum three days
00:41:24.10\00:41:27.41
that you could with
paying 50 cents a day
00:41:27.44\00:41:30.77
and 50 cents more
for food and she began
00:41:30.80\00:41:33.93
knocking on doors
and meeting the Adventist
00:41:34.17\00:41:36.15
leaders who were in
town at that time. James
00:41:36.27\00:41:38.66
and Ellen White were
sixty miles and about
00:41:38.78\00:41:41.43
three days travel
through the Woods of Michigan
00:41:42.55\00:41:45.27
up in Greenville
where James was convalescing
00:41:46.26\00:41:48.61
after one of his
strokes. The Whites weren't in
00:41:48.69\00:41:51.14
town and that was
compounding the tragedy
00:41:51.27\00:41:53.32
because as Hannah
went from leader to leader,
00:41:53.65\00:41:55.70
as she went to Uriah
Smith, as she went to
00:41:55.73\00:41:58.44
J. N. Luffborough
and others they all said.
00:41:58.65\00:42:00.49
Oh! It's so wonderful
to meet you, we've read
00:42:00.65\00:42:02.46
your letters and we're
so sorry there really are
00:42:02.82\00:42:05.36
no opportunities in
Battle Creek. Hannah
00:42:05.69\00:42:08.62
could see school
children. School aged children
00:42:08.73\00:42:11.51
who needed
teaching and there was no
00:42:11.97\00:42:13.83
Adventist teacher,
but somehow they didn't
00:42:14.08\00:42:16.98
need her. No one had
a place for her to stay.
00:42:17.10\00:42:20.38
Although she managed
a night or two, we know
00:42:20.92\00:42:22.64
that in total she may
have spent about eight
00:42:22.88\00:42:25.42
days in Battle Creek
trying to find a home
00:42:25.45\00:42:29.05
among the people she
longed to live and be
00:42:29.15\00:42:31.98
with. And when that
didn't happen; the Battle
00:42:32.34\00:42:37.07
Creek of 1867 when
that didn't happen she had
00:42:37.21\00:42:42.02
to begin making other
plans. You will see an
00:42:42.05\00:42:43.98
old map of Battle
Creek as it looked up on the
00:42:44.12\00:42:46.67
screen just now. You
will see the image of the
00:42:46.83\00:42:50.26
street plan of what
was then a relatively small
00:42:50.55\00:42:53.91
but bustling the mid
American city, out in the
00:42:53.94\00:42:56.52
West end where the
Adventists all lived,
00:42:56.55\00:42:59.29
there were homes
enough, there was space enough
00:42:59.61\00:43:01.83
but there just wasn't
compassion enough for an
00:43:01.99\00:43:05.79
aging missionary
whose health wasn't so good
00:43:05.91\00:43:10.08
and who wanted to
live among God's people.
00:43:10.76\00:43:12.76
You'll see another
picture here coming up of
00:43:13.33\00:43:15.27
the reconstructed 1857
meeting house in Battle
00:43:15.74\00:43:20.21
Creek. This is where
person, Adventists were
00:43:20.38\00:43:23.65
worshiping when
Hannah was there. We don't,
00:43:23.68\00:43:26.62
we know that she was
there over at Sabbath
00:43:26.72\00:43:28.60
very likely she
attended worship in the building
00:43:29.09\00:43:31.80
that this reconstructed
model now has replaced.
00:43:31.91\00:43:35.67
But after eight days
and no success in meeting
00:43:37.80\00:43:43.05
or finding a
family to live with no
00:43:43.08\00:43:45.77
opportunities for
work, she eventually pulled
00:43:45.87\00:43:49.30
out what would be
her last resource.
00:43:49.39\00:43:52.34
She had a standing
invitation by that family
00:43:52.68\00:43:54.86
she had known in
Africa. The Thompson family
00:43:55.10\00:43:57.43
that had stayed on at
the mission station they
00:43:58.21\00:44:00.02
had since moved to
Michigan themselves.
00:44:00.23\00:44:02.94
They had since
moved way up in the little
00:44:02.97\00:44:06.25
finger peninsula of
Michigan up in Leelanau
00:44:06.46\00:44:10.06
County, you will see
a map on the screen here
00:44:10.26\00:44:12.11
in a movement
of Leelanau County.
00:44:12.14\00:44:14.23
It's way up there in
that middle land of Michigan
00:44:14.74\00:44:17.53
where you see the
red on your screen,
00:44:17.79\00:44:19.32
its not that far as
you look on the map from
00:44:19.73\00:44:22.34
Battle Creek in South
Central but they were no
00:44:22.56\00:44:25.01
roads running to
Leelanau. The nearest rail road
00:44:25.04\00:44:29.41
was still many,
many miles from Leelanau,
00:44:29.71\00:44:32.00
in order to get from
Battle Creek to Leelanau
00:44:32.35\00:44:35.07
you had to take the
train to Chicago; take the
00:44:35.31\00:44:38.79
train from Chicago
to Milwaukee. Get on a
00:44:38.82\00:44:41.80
packet boat in
Milwaukee and sail across Lake
00:44:41.95\00:44:44.98
Michigan and get off
at the little town of
00:44:45.06\00:44:48.16
Leelanau.
Disappointed, heart broken,
00:44:48.45\00:44:52.58
to find no home
among the people of God,
00:44:53.36\00:44:55.49
Hannah made that
trek knowing that the
00:44:56.95\00:44:58.94
Thompsons would take
her in, the Thompsons
00:44:59.05\00:45:01.10
of congressionalist
missionary family who
00:45:01.13\00:45:03.68
were settled up
there in Leelanau, working
00:45:03.71\00:45:05.57
among French
Canadian Trappers and Native
00:45:05.80\00:45:07.71
Americans who worked
up there and it's the
00:45:07.79\00:45:10.09
logging industry
was beginning to boom in
00:45:10.24\00:45:11.94
Northern Michigan.
Hannah arrived at the
00:45:12.01\00:45:15.63
little wharf just
down the street from the
00:45:15.66\00:45:17.75
humble home where
they lived and up there
00:45:17.89\00:45:21.83
in Leelanau she
found. She found the family
00:45:22.82\00:45:27.77
she had been looking
for, not the Adventist
00:45:27.86\00:45:29.73
family she had been
looking for but one that
00:45:29.93\00:45:31.91
loved her. The
children thought of her as Aunt
00:45:32.04\00:45:34.41
Hannah. Mrs. Thompson
would quietly secretly
00:45:34.63\00:45:39.70
read Hannah's tracks
about the Sabbath when
00:45:40.45\00:45:42.65
her preacher husband
was out of the house.
00:45:42.81\00:45:44.58
Hannah writes letters
saying she is convinced
00:45:45.92\00:45:48.25
that Mrs. Thompson
would take her stand for
00:45:48.33\00:45:50.23
the Sabbath were it
not for the job her husband
00:45:50.26\00:45:52.50
was doing. And
Brother Thompson, he admired
00:45:52.61\00:45:56.63
Hannah's gifts in fact
he said you can go preach
00:45:56.66\00:45:59.16
for me on Sundays. I am
a circuit riding preacher
00:45:59.30\00:46:01.69
I can't cover all my
congregations and she
00:46:01.84\00:46:03.97
did. He said but there
is one rule, you can't talk
00:46:04.22\00:46:06.47
about the Sabbath.
That must have been hard for
00:46:06.50\00:46:09.59
Hannah, she lived in
the attic of the Thompson
00:46:09.64\00:46:13.35
home you will see an
image of it coming up
00:46:13.58\00:46:15.06
here in on the
screen in just a moment.
00:46:15.23\00:46:16.62
The home has been
added to many times since
00:46:17.15\00:46:19.23
the humble dwelling
that Hannah lived in.
00:46:19.35\00:46:21.24
Today it looks like a
large substantial place,
00:46:21.78\00:46:24.15
I managed to get
inside one time, when it was
00:46:24.34\00:46:26.85
up for sale and
convinced a real estate agent to
00:46:26.88\00:46:29.25
let me go walk through
those rooms and imagine
00:46:29.37\00:46:32.40
the lady who had
lived up there in the attic.
00:46:32.69\00:46:34.59
It was fall of 1868,
the Whites discovered and
00:46:36.12\00:46:40.31
when they came back to
Battle Creek, excuse me
00:46:40.35\00:46:43.32
in 1867, they, the
Whites discovered when they
00:46:43.35\00:46:46.17
came back to Battle
Creek what had happened to
00:46:46.20\00:46:48.06
Hannah when they came
and they were outraged.
00:46:48.22\00:46:50.27
How would Adventist
turn away this woman whom
00:46:51.12\00:46:53.76
God had brought to
the Church, how could they
00:46:53.97\00:46:56.54
turn away a person
with such skills when the
00:46:56.69\00:46:58.89
church was just
beginning to thing about foreign
00:46:59.00\00:47:00.95
missions. Amen. Ellen
White told off the good
00:47:01.12\00:47:05.52
members in Battle
Creek rather strongly in
00:47:05.80\00:47:07.52
in a sermon there in
October. Meanwhile she
00:47:08.01\00:47:10.33
and James were
writing letters that had to
00:47:10.62\00:47:12.67
to travel that same route
by rail and packet boat to
00:47:12.70\00:47:15.99
get up there to Leelanau,
writing to Hannah saying
00:47:16.02\00:47:18.32
we would like to have
you come and live with us
00:47:18.63\00:47:20.32
here in Greenville. Can
you meet us at the Right
00:47:22.02\00:47:23.05
Michigan camp
meeting in late September?
00:47:23.27\00:47:25.12
But that
appointment couldn't get made,
00:47:25.96\00:47:28.43
Hannah couldn't
raise the money to make the
00:47:28.55\00:47:30.29
return trip and the
Whites were desperately
00:47:30.32\00:47:32.51
poor, they were all
trying to save money.
00:47:32.69\00:47:35.05
So, they waited a
little longer still hoping
00:47:35.32\00:47:37.29
that they would be an
opportunity before the
00:47:37.62\00:47:39.51
ice set in the harbors
of Northern Michigan for
00:47:39.62\00:47:42.09
Hannah to make the
trip back and live with the
00:47:42.34\00:47:45.02
Whites who had offered
her a place to live when
00:47:45.05\00:47:47.29
people of Battle
Creek had turned her away.
00:47:47.54\00:47:49.23
But you know
Northern Michigan is not the
00:47:51.53\00:47:55.83
warmest climate I can
testify, the ice comes
00:47:55.89\00:48:01.37
early in the harbors
and the winter set in.
00:48:01.53\00:48:04.38
And soon Hannah was
writing to say it doesn't
00:48:06.30\00:48:08.24
look like I will be
able to come before winter.
00:48:08.35\00:48:10.39
It looks like I will
need to spend the winter here.
00:48:11.76\00:48:13.72
The Thompsons were
warm and hospitable,
00:48:14.32\00:48:16.33
she was doing things
she loved, sharing the
00:48:16.36\00:48:19.46
message of Jesus
Christ wherever she had the
00:48:19.63\00:48:21.79
opportunity and still
working on Mrs. Thompson
00:48:21.83\00:48:24.66
about the Sabbath.
But over that winter
00:48:24.69\00:48:28.24
her health began to
decline. It's likely that
00:48:28.44\00:48:32.66
she was suffering
from what we would today
00:48:33.07\00:48:34.74
call congestive heart
failure. Her condition had
00:48:34.93\00:48:37.93
been weakened by the
years of work in Malarial
00:48:38.09\00:48:41.87
Africa. The many bouts
of epidemic diseases she
00:48:41.99\00:48:46.18
had endured and as
the winter went on;
00:48:46.21\00:48:49.04
she began to
develop a racking cough.
00:48:49.21\00:48:51.24
She wrote to the
Whites mentioning that she
00:48:52.24\00:48:53.21
didn't really want
to complaint to the
00:48:54.96\00:48:56.22
Thompsons but living
up there in that little
00:48:56.36\00:48:58.08
attic room where the
stove pipe ran through,
00:48:58.28\00:49:00.37
the smoke but
occasionally seep out of
00:49:01.48\00:49:04.56
the stove pipe and fill
that litte attic chamber
00:49:04.64\00:49:07.14
and made it difficult
to breath. She said some
00:49:08.01\00:49:09.98
nights she had to sit
up in order to able to
00:49:10.24\00:49:12.49
breathe and try
to sleep sitting up.
00:49:12.95\00:49:14.98
By late winter, she
was beginning to wonder if
00:49:16.32\00:49:19.10
she would survive
this and on the 20th of
00:49:19.13\00:49:22.13
February she wrote
what ended up being a last
00:49:22.16\00:49:24.87
letter to James and Ellen
White. In it she expressed
00:49:24.90\00:49:29.33
her desire to see
them but also her,
00:49:29.36\00:49:32.25
the likelihood that she
never would. That in fact
00:49:32.58\00:49:35.62
while she waited for the
00:49:35.65\00:49:36.62
coming of Jesus.
That's what happened. March 3,
00:49:44.96\00:49:45.93
1868, George
Thompson sent a message down
00:49:45.94\00:49:51.30
to the Review and
Herald, indicating a short
00:49:51.55\00:49:54.56
obituary and mentioned
that the Adventists would
00:49:54.71\00:49:58.49
certainly want to
come and claim Hannah's
00:49:58.61\00:50:01.55
remains because of
course they would her
00:50:01.86\00:50:03.34
buried in Battle
Creek. It made sense by then
00:50:03.44\00:50:07.74
Ellen White had
already told them how much
00:50:07.97\00:50:09.74
they had missed that
opportunity and George
00:50:09.98\00:50:11.88
Thompson was quite
sure in this notice on
00:50:12.05\00:50:14.17
back page of the
review that Adventists would
00:50:14.20\00:50:16.75
finally do their
duty. The next Seventh-Day
00:50:16.88\00:50:21.34
Adventists to see her
grave were a 120 years
00:50:21.79\00:50:27.11
later my and wife
and I. We found our way,
00:50:27.14\00:50:31.79
piecing together
old maps and documents,
00:50:33.14\00:50:35.10
getting some help from
a Sheriff's office and on
00:50:35.33\00:50:37.87
a cold, cold winter day
that started at 27 below
00:50:37.99\00:50:41.55
in Northern
Michigan, my wife suddenly sang
00:50:41.65\00:50:44.40
out as we walked
out across the cemetery;
00:50:44.43\00:50:46.27
Bill here it is and
sure enough there was
00:50:46.56\00:50:49.23
headstone. You
will see an image of the
00:50:49.39\00:50:51.62
headstone coming up
here now, where they put
00:50:51.89\00:50:54.26
Hannah More they
thought temporarily until
00:50:54.43\00:50:57.05
Adventists would come
to reenter her in Battle
00:50:57.58\00:51:00.21
Creek, but none ever
came. You'll see another
00:51:00.45\00:51:07.19
close up, now the
image of her headstone;
00:51:07.47\00:51:10.54
it simply says
Hannah More, missionary to
00:51:10.98\00:51:13.47
Africa. It includes
a favorite text from
00:51:13.67\00:51:16.49
Galatians at the
bottom. The stone today is
00:51:16.71\00:51:20.64
propped up against
a family headstone,
00:51:20.81\00:51:22.62
she was buried in the
middle of a family plot
00:51:22.77\00:51:24.73
they didn't think she
would be there very long,
00:51:25.03\00:51:26.87
today Hannah More
the women who never
00:51:27.48\00:51:30.12
married lies between
a husband and a wife.
00:51:30.15\00:51:33.40
When Ellen White
learned what had happened,
00:51:41.19\00:51:43.16
she wrote some of the
strongest words I have
00:51:44.29\00:51:46.70
ever read from her
pen. Let me read you a few
00:51:46.85\00:51:50.95
lines. Those who
attempted to think that
00:51:51.21\00:51:54.11
Ellen White was
simply a mild mannered
00:51:54.49\00:51:57.42
devotional author.
Have not read in the case of
00:51:57.69\00:52:02.63
Hannah More in first
testimonies or in second
00:52:03.34\00:52:06.03
testimonies where
she revisits the story.
00:52:06.25\00:52:09.20
She writes of Hannah
More, she being dead yet
00:52:10.32\00:52:14.30
speaketh. Her letters,
which I have given will
00:52:15.09\00:52:17.21
be read with deep
interest by those who
00:52:17.45\00:52:18.75
have read her obituary
in a recent number of the
00:52:18.78\00:52:21.05
Review. She might
have been a blessing to any
00:52:21.36\00:52:23.69
Sabbath-keeping
family, who could appreciate
00:52:23.80\00:52:25.47
her worth; but she
sleeps. Our brethren at Battle
00:52:25.50\00:52:28.47
Creek and in this
vicinity could have made more
00:52:28.50\00:52:30.51
than a welcome home
for Jesus, in the person of
00:52:30.56\00:52:33.60
this Godly woman. But
that opportunity is past.
00:52:33.71\00:52:36.80
It was not convenient.
They were not acquainted
00:52:37.03\00:52:39.04
with her. She was
advanced in years,
00:52:39.11\00:52:41.10
and might be a
burden. Feelings of this kind
00:52:41.14\00:52:43.26
barred her from the
homes of the professed friends
00:52:43.45\00:52:45.24
of Jesus, who are
looking for his near advent,
00:52:45.27\00:52:47.83
and drove her away
from those she loved,
00:52:48.26\00:52:50.01
to those who opposed
her faith, to Northern
00:52:50.14\00:52:52.27
Michigan, in the cold
of winter, to be chilled to
00:52:52.35\00:52:54.98
death. She died a
martyr to the selfishness and
00:52:55.02\00:52:58.39
covetousness of
professed commandment-keepers.
00:52:58.54\00:53:01.39
Amen. Providence
has administered,
00:53:01.42\00:53:03.86
in this case, a terrible
rebuke for the conduct of
00:53:03.91\00:53:06.78
those who did not
take this stranger in.
00:53:06.93\00:53:08.71
She was not really a
stranger. By reputation,
00:53:09.00\00:53:10.96
she was known, and
yet she was not taken in.
00:53:11.09\00:53:13.48
She writes again,
this thing was not done in
00:53:15.03\00:53:16.85
a corner. And yet,
notwithstanding the
00:53:16.88\00:53:19.05
matter was made
public, followed by the great
00:53:19.13\00:53:21.21
and good work in the
church at Battle Creek,
00:53:21.25\00:53:23.08
no effort was made by
that church to redeem the
00:53:23.32\00:53:25.58
past by bringing
Sister More back. And one,
00:53:25.64\00:53:28.47
a wife of one of
our ministers, stated
00:53:28.67\00:53:30.27
afterwards, "I do not
see the need of Brother and
00:53:30.59\00:53:33.08
Sister Whites making
such a fuss about Sister More.
00:53:33.33\00:53:35.44
I think they do not
understand the case."
00:53:35.74\00:53:37.67
True, we did not
understand the case.
00:53:38.10\00:53:40.48
It is much worse
than we supposed. Amen.
00:53:40.62\00:53:43.75
Ellen White
continues, poor Sister More!
00:53:46.26\00:53:48.46
When we heard that
she was dead my husband
00:53:48.51\00:53:50.66
felt terrible. We
both felt as though a dear
00:53:50.88\00:53:53.36
mother for whose
society our very hearts yearned
00:53:53.52\00:53:56.10
was no more. She goes
on to write, the remark
00:53:56.40\00:54:01.84
was made as an
excuse for this neglect.
00:54:01.97\00:54:04.75
We have been bitten
so many times that we are
00:54:04.80\00:54:07.19
afraid of
strangers. Did our Lord and his
00:54:07.22\00:54:10.56
disciples instruct
us to be very cautious,
00:54:10.92\00:54:13.03
and not entertain
strangers, lest we should
00:54:13.36\00:54:15.63
possibly make some
mistake and get bitten by
00:54:15.75\00:54:18.24
having the trouble of
caring for an unworthy
00:54:18.44\00:54:20.07
person? Paul exhorts
the Hebrews, "Let brotherly
00:54:20.26\00:54:23.27
love continue," do not
flatter yourselves that
00:54:23.33\00:54:25.70
there is a time when
this exhortation will not
00:54:25.83\00:54:28.04
be needed; when
brotherly love may cease.
00:54:28.16\00:54:30.62
He continues, "Be not
forgetful to entertain
00:54:30.94\00:54:32.75
strangers, for
thereby some of entertained
00:54:32.99\00:54:34.93
angels unawares. Read
it, brethren, the next time
00:54:35.22\00:54:37.69
you take the
Bible. Read it, brethren,
00:54:38.06\00:54:39.82
at your family
evening devotions.
00:54:40.07\00:54:42.14
The good works
performed by those
00:54:42.59\00:54:44.19
who are to be welcomed
to the kingdom were done
00:54:44.22\00:54:46.49
to Christ in the
persons of his suffering people.
00:54:46.63\00:54:48.91
In second testimony she
concludes in the case of
00:54:51.08\00:54:53.40
Sister Hannah More,
I was shown that the
00:54:53.65\00:54:56.16
neglect of her was the
neglect of Jesus in her
00:54:56.30\00:54:59.82
person. Ellen White
was righteously angry that
00:55:00.03\00:55:07.94
this enormous asset
that God had brought the
00:55:08.04\00:55:10.56
early church. A woman
with more then 20 years
00:55:10.69\00:55:13.26
of foreign mission
experience had been
00:55:13.38\00:55:15.66
turned away, that a
woman with her gifts
00:55:15.83\00:55:18.02
and her skills
had not been welcomed.
00:55:18.16\00:55:20.36
All because some said,
Oh! She dresses a little
00:55:20.92\00:55:23.30
out fashion and she is
a little elderly and maybe
00:55:23.46\00:55:26.60
her health isn't so
good. Ellen White administered
00:55:26.65\00:55:31.05
one of the greatest
rebukes that of her career
00:55:31.35\00:55:35.11
in the case of
Sister Hannah More.
00:55:35.62\00:55:37.28
And when Adventists
gathered in the spring of
00:55:38.33\00:55:40.26
1868 for the first time
in May of that year to work
00:55:40.29\00:55:45.24
of how they were
going to plan for the coming
00:55:45.27\00:55:48.31
year, their first action,
the very first action was
00:55:48.46\00:55:51.34
to form the
Seventh-Day Adventist Benevolent
00:55:51.43\00:55:53.62
Association to take
care of widows, orphans and
00:55:53.74\00:55:56.67
transients. You
know what you call that
00:55:56.93\00:55:58.50
organization today?
ADRA. The birth organization
00:55:58.59\00:56:04.20
of today's Adventist
Development And Relief
00:56:04.72\00:56:06.45
Agency was founded
as a direct consequence
00:56:06.55\00:56:09.35
of the tragic story
of Hannah More. Amen.
00:56:09.66\00:56:12.23
You see God can
bring some good, good for
00:56:12.36\00:56:15.14
millions around the
world out of a case where
00:56:15.23\00:56:17.40
we didn't get it right.
I have in my pocket just
00:56:17.62\00:56:21.74
now; your cameras may
want a close in on it.
00:56:21.77\00:56:24.40
A little seed, a rose
hip in fact, picked from the
00:56:24.43\00:56:30.61
rose bush you saw
there beside Hannah More's
00:56:30.76\00:56:32.99
grave. I've been carrying
it around for most of the
00:56:33.10\00:56:35.66
last year and I
don't really know enough
00:56:35.95\00:56:37.47
about rose hips. To
know if the dried seeds in
00:56:37.54\00:56:40.42
there will ever grow.
But, will compassion grow?
00:56:40.69\00:56:43.93
Amen. Will that seed
ever take root among us?
00:56:44.84\00:56:47.45
I don't know the answer
of that one. But, I think
00:56:48.44\00:56:50.88
you do. Will
compassion take root among us?
00:56:51.03\00:56:54.31
God willed that it be
so. Let's pray together.
00:56:55.45\00:56:57.78
Lord Jesus, this story
is known to you, now that
00:56:58.61\00:57:02.63
it is known to us, work
on our hearts, change us,
00:57:02.66\00:57:05.36
into men and women
with hearts of compassion
00:57:05.68\00:57:08.11
especially for those who
share this wonderful hope
00:57:08.52\00:57:11.69
in the soon coming of
Jesus, make us ready to
00:57:11.87\00:57:14.40
beside Hannah on that
day coming soon and to
00:57:14.89\00:57:17.39
say lo, this is our
Lord, we have looked for him
00:57:17.42\00:57:20.53
and he will save
us. In Jesus name, Amen.
00:57:21.11\00:57:24.21