Well, welcome back
again to three Angels,
00:01:01.11\00:01:03.09
we're glad
you're back for part two
00:01:03.12\00:01:05.10
of the archeology
seminar with Tony Moore.
00:01:05.13\00:01:07.97
Last night was just amazing
and our last seminar together
00:01:08.00\00:01:10.59
and tonight we're
looking forward to just more
00:01:10.62\00:01:12.62
information that I
think will be useful to you.
00:01:12.65\00:01:14.85
You know, I came
away from last night
00:01:14.88\00:01:16.67
just more impressed that
the Bible can be trusted.
00:01:16.70\00:01:19.82
How about you?
00:01:19.85\00:01:21.29
And tonight when we come back,
we're gonna just be growing
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in our confidence in God's Word.
00:01:25.20\00:01:26.92
I'm looking forward, not only
to tonight but tomorrow night,
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where we're gonna
talking about Iraq or Iraq,
00:01:30.20\00:01:33.30
I think is the real
way to say it, Iraq,
00:01:33.33\00:01:35.16
in Bible prophecy and
when Iraq ruled the world.
00:01:35.19\00:01:38.57
Well, tonight let's just
bow our heads and ask the Lord
00:01:38.60\00:01:41.17
to bless us as we begin this
special program this evening.
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Father in Heaven,
we're indeed grateful
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that as we dig up the
future, as we dig up the past
00:01:48.28\00:01:53.27
that tell us not only about
the past but also the future.
00:01:53.30\00:01:56.38
And archeology points
toward those ancient prophecies
00:01:56.41\00:02:00.04
and tonight, as
Tony Moore shares
00:02:00.07\00:02:02.58
and as we grow together,
00:02:02.61\00:02:04.08
we just ask Your
presence to be with us.
00:02:04.11\00:02:06.61
We thank You and we
come in the all powerful
00:02:06.64\00:02:10.37
and all worthy
name of Christ, amen.
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Again, Rafael Scarfullery,
we're glad that he's with us
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and he's gonna be
playing for us this evening.
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"I'm just a wayfaring stranger."
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Thank you so much,
Rafael, that was truly lovely.
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It's great to with you again
this evening as we're prepared
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to take a journey to
the far land of the Nile.
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How many of you've
been over the Nile?
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One? Only one other
person has been to Egypt, wow.
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Well, you're in for a
special treat tonight.
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Let me tell you
where we're going,
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we're gonna go and
survey the entire land.
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We're gonna look
at the monuments,
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the background, the story.
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And then we're
gonna ask the question,
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where would Joseph and Moses fit
00:06:40.10\00:06:43.17
into Egyptian
history as we know it today.
00:06:43.20\00:06:45.57
And so it's gonna
be a special journey.
00:06:45.60\00:06:47.45
Our next episode is going to
be "In the footsteps of Jesus."
00:06:47.48\00:06:50.34
And I really want to encourage
you to be here for that.
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We'll be
serving the entire land.
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We'll look at the background
of the story and I guarantee
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that the gospel story
of Jesus will come to life
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as never before for you.
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As we're able to unite
the pictures of the places
00:07:02.03\00:07:05.66
where they
happened and the description
00:07:05.69\00:07:07.59
and it's really, really special,
00:07:07.62\00:07:08.79
but tonight we
want to take a journey,
00:07:08.82\00:07:11.18
"Amazing Discoveries
in the Land of the Nile."
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Egypt, the very name
stirs our minds with wonder.
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Pyramids, Sphinx,
mummys, Tootencarmoon.
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Egypt seems to hold a
spell over our imaginations.
00:07:23.20\00:07:26.92
What are the mysteries
of these ancient buildings?
00:07:26.95\00:07:29.41
Do they posses mystical powers,
00:07:29.44\00:07:31.47
why were they built and by whom?
00:07:31.50\00:07:34.02
Herodotus, an
early road traveler said,
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"Egypt has wonders more in
number than any other land.
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And works it has to show
beyond expression great."
00:07:39.48\00:07:43.67
Tonight I want to take
you on a fascinating journey
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to the wonderful land of
the pyramids to investigate
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the wonders that impressed
Herodotus 2,500 years ago.
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But first I want
to take you to Cairo.
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Cairo is the
capital of the modern Egypt,
00:07:55.51\00:07:58.10
it's one of the
worlds largest cities.
00:07:58.13\00:08:00.55
It's situated on
the edge of the desert
00:08:00.58\00:08:03.61
with the population
over 15 million people.
00:08:03.64\00:08:07.06
It's a crowded,
dusty, noisy city
00:08:07.09\00:08:10.50
and yet it is one
of my favorite cities.
00:08:10.53\00:08:12.43
It's a vibrant city.
00:08:12.46\00:08:14.03
It has a unique combination
of open, friendly people
00:08:14.06\00:08:16.89
with thousands of
buildings and monuments,
00:08:16.92\00:08:19.46
spanning nearly 5 millenniums.
00:08:19.49\00:08:22.34
From Pharonic to
modern with Greek Roman,
00:08:22.37\00:08:25.75
Coptic, Muslim,
thrown in for good measure.
00:08:25.78\00:08:28.42
Cairo is a
wonderful city of contrast,
00:08:28.45\00:08:30.74
from the dry sands of the desert
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to the life giving
waters of the Nile.
00:08:32.54\00:08:35.19
And the people who make their
living collecting and sorting
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the garbage to
the socially elite,
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Cairo is the very
heartbeat of Egypt.
00:08:39.56\00:08:43.14
Now traveling in Cairo is
always an exciting experience.
00:08:43.17\00:08:46.21
You're presented
with many challenges,
00:08:46.24\00:08:48.03
many different opportunities,
antiquated street cars
00:08:48.06\00:08:51.05
or the age old--
or modern subways,
00:08:51.08\00:08:53.97
dilapidated busses or
by the ago old feluccas.
00:08:54.00\00:08:57.84
Speedy taxis or of
course you can go by
00:08:57.87\00:09:00.07
the time honored
method of going by foot.
00:09:00.10\00:09:02.60
Each outing can be an exciting
and accelerating experience.
00:09:02.63\00:09:06.27
Like the time I wanted in
to the Khan El Khalili-Bazaar
00:09:06.30\00:09:09.37
where the famous Egyptian
cotton fabrics are sold.
00:09:09.40\00:09:12.14
This truck could not
make the turn down a crowded,
00:09:12.17\00:09:14.48
narrow street, so a group
of men literally swarmed around
00:09:14.51\00:09:17.16
and picked up the
truck and pointed it
00:09:17.19\00:09:19.13
in the desired direction.
00:09:19.16\00:09:20.63
And this man had the
fastest iron in the east.
00:09:20.66\00:09:22.75
He sprayed a mist of
water from this mouth,
00:09:22.78\00:09:24.90
ironed djellaba with his feet
and folded it with his hands.
00:09:24.93\00:09:29.65
I have to admit how I really--
my favorites leisure activity
00:09:29.68\00:09:33.32
in Cairo is
strolling by the Nile
00:09:33.35\00:09:35.82
in the cool of the evening.
00:09:35.85\00:09:37.34
I enjoy seeing the
sailors working their boats
00:09:37.37\00:09:40.12
in the cities skylight at night.
00:09:40.15\00:09:42.08
And it seems to be a
favorite of the locals too,
00:09:42.11\00:09:44.17
for the sidewalks are
always full of Cairoites,
00:09:44.20\00:09:47.02
enjoying their river
by the cool of the day.
00:09:47.05\00:09:50.68
Well, the Nile has
been the source of life
00:09:50.71\00:09:53.29
for Egypt
throughout the centuries.
00:09:53.32\00:09:56.70
Herodotus, that
early world traveler said
00:09:56.73\00:09:58.75
Egypt is the land of the Nile
00:09:58.78\00:10:01.13
and the Nile is
the gift of the Gods.
00:10:01.16\00:10:04.36
For over four millenniums
this river has nourished
00:10:04.39\00:10:08.50
one of earth's
greatest civilizations.
00:10:08.53\00:10:11.40
Indeed the
Egypt's very existence
00:10:11.43\00:10:13.89
is always
depended upon the Nile.
00:10:13.92\00:10:16.40
From its source in
the mountainous rainforest
00:10:16.43\00:10:19.41
in Central Africa,
it pushes northward
00:10:19.44\00:10:21.95
for nearly 4, 000
miles, to the searing sands
00:10:21.98\00:10:25.48
of the Sahara
Desert until it empties
00:10:25.51\00:10:27.63
into the Mediterranean sea.
00:10:27.66\00:10:29.16
Egypt could be thought
it was an island floating
00:10:29.19\00:10:31.66
in the midst of Sahara desert.
00:10:31.69\00:10:34.62
An island floating in the
midst of the Sahara desert,
00:10:34.65\00:10:36.89
it's bound by the
Arabian desert to the east
00:10:36.92\00:10:39.12
and the Libyan
desert to the west.
00:10:39.15\00:10:40.91
The
Mediterranean Sea to the north
00:10:40.94\00:10:42.63
and the great, great
Cataract Aswan to the south.
00:10:42.66\00:10:45.86
It only had one natural border
to defend and because of that,
00:10:45.89\00:10:50.18
it-- ancient Egypt
prospered to the years.
00:10:50.21\00:10:55.31
For over 50 millenniums.
00:10:55.34\00:10:58.11
I'm sorry, for
over 50 centuries,
00:10:58.14\00:11:00.13
99% of the people have
lived on 1% of the land.
00:11:00.16\00:11:04.38
Ancient Egyptians
call it the black land.
00:11:04.41\00:11:07.18
It's known as Abyssinian carpet
00:11:07.21\00:11:09.08
and has some of the
richest farmland in the world.
00:11:09.11\00:11:11.79
Now the life
sustaining Nile valley,
00:11:11.82\00:11:13.43
it varies from 1
to 15 miles in width,
00:11:13.46\00:11:15.95
with a desert as an
ever present reality.
00:11:15.98\00:11:19.21
The line of
demarcation is so distinct
00:11:19.24\00:11:21.17
and so unforgiving
that you can literally step
00:11:21.20\00:11:23.16
with one step
from the black farmland
00:11:23.19\00:11:25.73
to the red sands
of the Sahara desert.
00:11:25.76\00:11:28.31
It is a special
place to travel to.
00:11:28.34\00:11:31.06
The first cataract
at Aswan was a series of
00:11:31.09\00:11:35.28
rapids full of
sharp rocks that rendered
00:11:35.31\00:11:37.54
the region impassible by boats.
00:11:37.57\00:11:39.75
It was formed by a
ridge of granite that--
00:11:39.78\00:11:41.66
it was lying across the river
and from that ridge of granite,
00:11:41.69\00:11:45.62
some of Egypt's
greatest temples and tombs
00:11:45.65\00:11:48.32
and obelisks were carved.
00:11:48.35\00:11:52.28
It was 750 miles up
river from the Mediterranean
00:11:52.31\00:11:55.96
and as a result it
was quite protected it.
00:11:55.99\00:11:59.94
It was a border
fortress, down into Africa
00:11:59.97\00:12:03.67
and so during times of
peace Aswan served as a border,
00:12:03.70\00:12:08.21
as a strategic
trading post and then turn--
00:12:08.24\00:12:12.11
time during times of
war, it was the last defense,
00:12:12.14\00:12:14.72
before enemies might
try and come into the land.
00:12:14.75\00:12:18.26
Near Aswan the large
temple of the Abu Simbel.
00:12:18.29\00:12:24.55
Wait, we're gonna back
up just a second, I'm sorry.
00:12:24.58\00:12:27.31
I want to tell you
about the great Aswan high dam
00:12:27.34\00:12:29.76
and this was
considered by many people
00:12:29.79\00:12:31.11
to be the 8th
Wonder of the World.
00:12:31.14\00:12:33.36
When the Egyptians build
this, they formed the lake
00:12:33.39\00:12:35.73
that was some 310
miles long and 6 miles wide.
00:12:35.76\00:12:39.68
It flooded the land of
Nubia and many villages
00:12:39.71\00:12:42.12
had to take refuge upon
the shores of Lake Nasser
00:12:42.15\00:12:44.99
along with 14 temples that
were moved to higher ground.
00:12:45.02\00:12:49.72
The large temple of Abu Simbel,
00:12:49.75\00:12:52.15
a 170 miles south of
Aswan became a symbol
00:12:52.18\00:12:55.01
of global solidarity
in a section of the world
00:12:55.04\00:12:58.53
that is marked
by struggle and war.
00:12:58.56\00:13:00.91
Now this temple
was constructed by
00:13:00.94\00:13:03.22
Ramses the Great,
but it has to be moved
00:13:03.25\00:13:05.17
212 feet above
its original location.
00:13:05.20\00:13:08.81
And so they cut it into
over a thousand jigsaw pieces
00:13:08.84\00:13:12.00
and then they made this
molded hill to look like
00:13:12.03\00:13:15.26
the original cliffs and
they reconstructed the temple
00:13:15.29\00:13:17.91
212 feet above
where it originally stood.
00:13:17.94\00:13:21.45
Today, Aswan is a busy,
somewhat prosperous city
00:13:21.48\00:13:25.64
due to the construction
of the great Aswan high dam
00:13:25.67\00:13:28.38
and the industry
that it had created.
00:13:28.41\00:13:30.60
Yet it still retains
00:13:30.63\00:13:31.76
the characteristics
of a small village.
00:13:31.79\00:13:34.16
Now it's just offshore,
a couple of hundred yards
00:13:34.19\00:13:36.53
is Elephantine Island.
00:13:36.56\00:13:37.89
If we see this strange
name from that rock formation,
00:13:37.92\00:13:40.72
that looked like
an elephants face.
00:13:40.75\00:13:42.90
I went out to
examine the nilometer,
00:13:42.93\00:13:45.42
a gauge used for measuring
00:13:45.45\00:13:48.25
the rise and fall
of the Nile River.
00:13:48.28\00:13:50.97
As Nile would rise, the
water inside the building
00:13:51.00\00:13:53.73
would rise and they can
measure it against the markings
00:13:53.76\00:13:56.36
and they could
predict the annual floods
00:13:56.39\00:13:59.71
and of course they
could predict the fall,
00:13:59.74\00:14:01.52
the harvest that would come.
00:14:01.55\00:14:03.17
Which used by the
ancient Egyptians by the Greeks,
00:14:03.20\00:14:06.24
by the Romans, by the Coptic's,
00:14:06.27\00:14:07.99
and of course by
the Muslims to determine
00:14:08.02\00:14:09.62
the planning times
and predict the harvest.
00:14:09.65\00:14:12.55
Now today, this is
an island of contrast
00:14:12.58\00:14:14.77
on the north end is
this plush, 5 star hotel,
00:14:14.80\00:14:17.62
but then you cross over the wall
00:14:17.65\00:14:19.25
on to the southern half
and you step back in time,
00:14:19.28\00:14:21.47
into a Nubian village.
00:14:21.50\00:14:23.57
The people were
very open and friendly.
00:14:23.60\00:14:25.16
I met a charming school
teacher there and his wife.
00:14:25.19\00:14:28.09
They insisted that
I come to their home
00:14:28.12\00:14:31.29
and have tea with them.
00:14:31.32\00:14:32.98
We sat down in their
home and she prepared our tea
00:14:33.01\00:14:36.60
on this mud brick
oven and pretty soon,
00:14:36.63\00:14:41.17
the amaya, the
woman's mother came.
00:14:41.20\00:14:43.78
Pretty soon her
sister in law came
00:14:43.81\00:14:46.08
and the whole
living room filled up.
00:14:46.11\00:14:48.53
As we sat and
said, we set to sip tea
00:14:48.56\00:14:51.62
and watch the daily soap opera.
00:14:51.65\00:14:54.80
Something's don't
change around the world.
00:14:54.83\00:14:58.88
Well, there are few
bends in the Nile River,
00:14:58.91\00:15:01.70
and it's perfect
for river traffic.
00:15:01.73\00:15:03.43
The prevailing wind
blowing from the north
00:15:03.46\00:15:05.82
makes sailing south a
breeze and the current flowing
00:15:05.85\00:15:08.99
from the south makes the
return trip almost effortless.
00:15:09.02\00:15:13.18
But since the
erection of the high dam,
00:15:13.21\00:15:14.91
the Nile no longer floods
Egypt but life is still just
00:15:14.94\00:15:18.37
as depended upon it today,
as it was 4,000 years ago.
00:15:18.40\00:15:22.30
You see, it's a source of
irrigation and drinking water
00:15:22.33\00:15:25.41
for the towns and villages,
even the distant resorts,
00:15:25.44\00:15:28.23
150 miles away on the Red Sea.
00:15:28.26\00:15:30.43
They have to import
their fresh water from the Nile
00:15:30.46\00:15:33.38
since literally
no rain falls there.
00:15:33.41\00:15:36.00
Although there are roads
and train tracks paralleling it,
00:15:36.03\00:15:39.37
the Nile is still
the life blood of Egypt.
00:15:39.40\00:15:42.59
Today the massive
luxury ships are joined
00:15:42.62\00:15:45.40
by the age owned feluccas,
00:15:45.43\00:15:46.89
plying the waters
of this ancient land.
00:15:46.92\00:15:50.15
Three remarkable facts
stand about out about Egypt,
00:15:50.18\00:15:52.30
I want to share
with you tonight.
00:15:52.33\00:15:53.62
First, the culture,
the climate is so dry
00:15:53.65\00:15:56.46
that things made
thousands of years ago
00:15:56.49\00:15:59.38
have survived to the modern era.
00:15:59.41\00:16:02.45
Second, the
development of writing preserved
00:16:02.48\00:16:05.73
a historical account of
their beliefs and achievements.
00:16:05.76\00:16:11.12
Third, since their
religion depicted--
00:16:11.15\00:16:14.62
their religion
viewed death as an extension
00:16:14.65\00:16:16.61
of the present life,
they portrayed that life
00:16:16.64\00:16:20.60
in colorful wall
painting in their tombs.
00:16:20.63\00:16:23.37
They carved scenes from life
and put them into their tombs
00:16:23.40\00:16:26.87
and they've come
down to us today,
00:16:26.90\00:16:28.76
so we have a window
into their life if the past.
00:16:28.79\00:16:32.56
Now the lack of
rainfall in the desert
00:16:32.59\00:16:34.91
makes Egypt an
archeologist paradise.
00:16:34.94\00:16:38.21
While it occasionally
rains in Lower Egypt, in Cairo,
00:16:38.24\00:16:42.29
it almost never rains
in Upper Egypt in the south
00:16:42.32\00:16:45.63
and places like Luxor and Aswan.
00:16:45.66\00:16:48.02
And because of this,
things formed years ago
00:16:48.05\00:16:50.89
have survived to
the modern times.
00:16:50.92\00:16:53.26
Now you're
familiar with the mummies,
00:16:53.29\00:16:55.36
they have their skin
still in place today.
00:16:55.39\00:16:58.48
This lady still sports the perm
she received 3,000 years ago.
00:16:58.51\00:17:02.20
But did you know that there
are perfectly preserved bodies
00:17:02.23\00:17:06.77
of people who have found
buried in the desert of Egypt,
00:17:06.80\00:17:11.27
who had not been mummified.
00:17:11.30\00:17:13.44
This man on the
screen was nicknamed Ginger
00:17:13.47\00:17:16.05
because of his hair color.
00:17:16.08\00:17:17.82
They found him
in a shallow grave
00:17:17.85\00:17:19.33
at the edge of the desert,
00:17:19.36\00:17:20.39
his finger nails and
toe nails were still intact.
00:17:20.42\00:17:22.85
They called him ginger because
of the color of his hair.
00:17:22.88\00:17:26.15
The amazing thing is that
the hot sands of the desert
00:17:26.18\00:17:28.99
had naturally preserved
him for over 4,000 years.
00:17:29.02\00:17:33.30
Now the Egyptian
belief in the after life
00:17:33.33\00:17:35.93
revolved around
the Ka and the Ba.
00:17:35.96\00:17:38.50
At death, they believed, the Ka
00:17:38.53\00:17:40.14
or the invisible double
person was released to go off
00:17:40.17\00:17:42.81
into some other existence.
00:17:42.84\00:17:44.16
They believe that would
dwell near that the deceased
00:17:44.19\00:17:47.25
if it could recognize
the person who had died.
00:17:47.28\00:17:52.03
If it could recognize
the person who had died.
00:17:52.06\00:17:53.97
So tombs were often called
houses for the Ka to live.
00:17:54.00\00:17:59.23
Now it was critical that the
Ka could recognize the deceased,
00:17:59.26\00:18:02.00
I don't want you
to miss this point,
00:18:02.03\00:18:03.16
it's very important.
00:18:03.19\00:18:04.33
If the body decayed
then the Ka would wander
00:18:04.36\00:18:08.93
aimlessly seeking the person
from whom it was released.
00:18:08.96\00:18:12.88
Now this was no problem
as long as you were buried
00:18:12.91\00:18:15.43
in the dry sands of
the desert like Ginger.
00:18:15.46\00:18:18.21
But when royalty began to be
buried under the ground in pits
00:18:18.24\00:18:23.41
and to be buried in stone tombs
00:18:23.44\00:18:25.64
their bodies naturally decayed.
00:18:25.67\00:18:27.68
Well, this
presented quite a problem.
00:18:27.71\00:18:29.42
What would they do?
00:18:29.45\00:18:30.78
So they began to experiment
00:18:30.81\00:18:33.53
as to what they would
do to preserve the bodies.
00:18:33.56\00:18:37.53
The early
dynasties begin to experiment
00:18:37.56\00:18:40.94
with preserving the
bodies of the deceased,
00:18:40.97\00:18:43.12
the result today is
known as mummification.
00:18:43.15\00:18:47.02
Right, mummification,
now the word embalm
00:18:47.05\00:18:50.04
comes from the Latin--
00:18:50.07\00:18:51.79
it means to put
into aromatics resins.
00:18:51.82\00:18:54.59
The Arabic word is actually --
00:18:54.62\00:18:57.69
and because many were
coated with a dark resin.
00:18:57.72\00:19:00.34
Now we don't have very
many first hand accounts
00:19:00.37\00:19:03.73
of the practice but
Herodotus, who went down,
00:19:03.76\00:19:05.94
he interviewed
several practitioners
00:19:05.97\00:19:07.45
and this is what he
told us had happened.
00:19:07.48\00:19:09.00
When a person died, they reached
00:19:09.03\00:19:11.10
inside of the skull
with a means of an iron hook,
00:19:11.13\00:19:14.92
through the nose and
they pull the brain out.
00:19:14.95\00:19:18.12
And then the cut the
body opened and they took out
00:19:18.15\00:19:21.06
the organs and placed
them into various jars.
00:19:21.09\00:19:23.60
Then they washed the
body and then they packed it
00:19:23.63\00:19:26.70
in natron to be
dehydrated for 70 days
00:19:26.73\00:19:30.42
and then they
wrapped it in strips of linen
00:19:30.45\00:19:32.04
and then at the end of 70 days,
00:19:32.07\00:19:33.88
they had a very
elaborate ceremony.
00:19:33.91\00:19:35.48
You can see it
here on the screen.
00:19:35.51\00:19:37.00
You can see the man on
the right, he's a priest.
00:19:37.03\00:19:39.28
You can he's a priest because
he's got a leopard skin on
00:19:39.31\00:19:41.81
and then the man on the left,
who's all dressed in white.
00:19:41.84\00:19:44.87
He's deceased, and so
now the priest is coming,
00:19:44.90\00:19:47.49
at the end of the 70
days to do a special ceremony,
00:19:47.52\00:19:50.53
it was the called the
opening of the mouth ceremony,
00:19:50.56\00:19:52.84
to allow his Ka to return to him
00:19:52.87\00:19:55.61
so this is what they believed.
00:19:55.64\00:19:57.34
Well, tourism has been
a big business in Egypt
00:19:57.37\00:20:00.38
for over 4,000 years.
00:20:00.41\00:20:02.31
When Herodotus
visited Egypt 2,500 years ago
00:20:02.34\00:20:05.90
the hieroglyphs
that were inscribed
00:20:05.93\00:20:07.97
on the temple walls
were still understood.
00:20:08.00\00:20:10.38
When Napoleon marched his
army however down into Egypt
00:20:10.41\00:20:14.38
in the 1790's,
they gazed in wonder
00:20:14.41\00:20:18.80
at the massive stone remnants
00:20:18.83\00:20:21.20
of the world's
greatest civilization.
00:20:21.23\00:20:23.53
As they paraded on the
Giza Plateau in the shadow
00:20:23.56\00:20:25.96
of the Great Pyramid of Cheops,
their emperor addressed them,
00:20:25.99\00:20:28.78
"Soldiers of
France, four thousand years
00:20:28.81\00:20:31.87
of history look down upon you."
00:20:31.90\00:20:34.52
There are before
them stood the same
00:20:34.55\00:20:36.98
ancient temples and
tombs and obelisks and pyramids
00:20:37.01\00:20:40.66
that Harada disengaged
upon 2,500 years earlier
00:20:40.69\00:20:44.45
but unfortunately, the
details of that history
00:20:44.48\00:20:47.62
were vague and incomplete.
00:20:47.65\00:20:49.72
In vain, the
conquerors sought to decipher
00:20:49.75\00:20:52.72
the mysterious
writing in the rock,
00:20:52.75\00:20:54.32
chiseled under the rocks.
00:20:54.35\00:20:55.74
Its meaning had been
lost for nearly 2,000 years.
00:20:55.77\00:21:00.81
Napoleon however, was
more than a soldier of fortune.
00:21:00.84\00:21:03.54
He had a passion for antiquity
00:21:03.57\00:21:04.86
and so he had a
group of scholars with him.
00:21:04.89\00:21:06.89
And when the
British were invading
00:21:06.92\00:21:08.68
the northern part of the delta,
the soldiers were actually
00:21:08.71\00:21:11.84
fortifying a fort at a
place called Rashid Rosetta
00:21:11.87\00:21:15.10
and as they were
fortifying this fort,
00:21:15.13\00:21:16.82
they were throwing stones,
rubble and they had to make
00:21:16.85\00:21:19.44
the walls thicker and one
of the stones they picked up,
00:21:19.47\00:21:22.08
they noticed inscriptions on it.
00:21:22.11\00:21:24.38
It turned out to be a
tri-lingual inscription,
00:21:24.41\00:21:27.91
known today as
the Rosetta Stone.
00:21:27.94\00:21:31.35
Now they set it
aside and later on scholars
00:21:31.38\00:21:34.18
begin to examine it
and they hoped that it told
00:21:34.21\00:21:37.64
the same story because on
the top it had hieroglyphs
00:21:37.67\00:21:41.21
and then in the
middle it had another writing
00:21:41.24\00:21:42.92
called the demotic
that was the cursive form
00:21:42.95\00:21:45.09
of hieroglyphs and then
down the bottom it was in Greek
00:21:45.12\00:21:48.38
and so they were hoping that
all three stories would tell--
00:21:48.41\00:21:50.91
all three languages
would tell the same story
00:21:50.94\00:21:53.14
and that perhaps
they could use this as key
00:21:53.17\00:21:56.20
to be able to
understand the hieroglyphs.
00:21:56.23\00:21:59.22
And indeed that
is what happened.
00:21:59.25\00:22:03.31
Twenty-four
years later, this man
00:22:03.34\00:22:05.23
Jean Francois Champollion,
was able to break into
00:22:05.26\00:22:09.65
the silent world of pharaonic
writing and immediately,
00:22:09.68\00:22:12.93
old Egypt began to
reveal her secrets.
00:22:12.96\00:22:17.14
As I mentioned earlier,
the Egyptian religious concept
00:22:17.17\00:22:20.58
revolved around immortality.
00:22:20.61\00:22:23.45
Their word for tomb
meant the house for eternity.
00:22:23.48\00:22:28.78
During the first two dynasties,
massive tombs were constructed
00:22:28.81\00:22:33.87
in the mud brick imitation
of the Mesopotamian style.
00:22:33.90\00:22:37.82
But about 200 years
after the first dynasty,
00:22:37.85\00:22:40.56
a gigantic engineering
leap took place as tombs
00:22:40.59\00:22:44.46
began to be constructed,
not out of mud brick,
00:22:44.49\00:22:47.66
but out of stone.
00:22:47.69\00:22:49.31
Some stone blocks
weighing up to 20 tons.
00:22:49.34\00:22:53.88
Imhotep was the
vizier of King Djoser,
00:22:53.91\00:22:56.16
he pioneered
the way by building,
00:22:56.19\00:22:58.15
what's known today
as the step pyramid,
00:22:58.18\00:23:00.55
it was the first
large scale building
00:23:00.58\00:23:02.37
constructed on the planet.
00:23:02.40\00:23:03.81
It consisted of six
diminishing squares,
00:23:03.84\00:23:06.50
placed on top of one another.
00:23:06.53\00:23:08.60
It's the first recognizable
member of the family of tombs
00:23:08.63\00:23:11.83
know today as pyramids.
00:23:11.86\00:23:14.74
In its ruins a
seated statue of Djoser
00:23:14.77\00:23:17.30
has survived for
over 4,000 years.
00:23:17.33\00:23:20.91
During the next millennium,
every king of substance
00:23:20.94\00:23:24.50
and authority would be
buried under or in a pyramid.
00:23:24.53\00:23:28.20
But by the end of the
era, many would be small
00:23:28.23\00:23:31.08
and constructed from mud
brick, a great departure,
00:23:31.11\00:23:33.99
from the plentiful and
splendid visions of the past.
00:23:34.02\00:23:37.95
But less than 100 years
after Djoser's craftsmen
00:23:37.98\00:23:40.40
began working on
the step pyramid,
00:23:40.43\00:23:42.58
work began on the largest
stone building ever made by man,
00:23:42.61\00:23:47.85
the Great Pyramid of
Cheops on the Giza Plateau.
00:23:47.88\00:23:51.61
It's a gigantic structure
composed of over two million,
00:23:51.64\00:23:55.66
three hundred thousand
blocks, weighing on average,
00:23:55.69\00:23:58.69
two and a half tons each.
00:23:58.72\00:24:01.01
Now originally it
towered over 480 feet high,
00:24:01.04\00:24:06.01
it covers 13 acres at its base.
00:24:06.04\00:24:08.19
But even more amazing
than the size of the pyramid
00:24:08.22\00:24:12.36
was the accuracy with
which it was constructed.
00:24:12.39\00:24:15.57
It's oriented almost
exactly in line with true north.
00:24:15.60\00:24:19.36
The four corners
form perfect right angles.
00:24:19.39\00:24:23.23
Now unfortunately, no two
sides are exactly the same.
00:24:23.26\00:24:26.89
It's-- about 755 feet each,
00:24:26.92\00:24:29.64
no two sides are
exactly the same,
00:24:29.67\00:24:32.34
but the difference between
the longest and shortest side
00:24:32.37\00:24:35.01
is less than 8 inches.
00:24:35.04\00:24:37.81
How could the ancient Egyptians
00:24:37.84\00:24:41.06
build their
pyramids so precisely?
00:24:41.09\00:24:44.04
Well, they're all sorts of
wild theories that have been
00:24:44.07\00:24:46.23
suggested from
divine intervention
00:24:46.26\00:24:48.91
to assistance from outer space.
00:24:48.94\00:24:51.22
Speculations have run
from the occult sciences,
00:24:51.25\00:24:54.31
to the levitation of
the blocks by priests,
00:24:54.34\00:24:57.33
to even sophisticated machines
00:24:57.36\00:24:59.18
that we've lost
the knowledge of.
00:24:59.21\00:25:00.51
It's even been
hypothesized by some,
00:25:00.54\00:25:03.86
that the pyramids are really
a divine work, a prophecy,
00:25:03.89\00:25:07.94
revealing the history
and future of our world.
00:25:07.97\00:25:11.89
Herodotus said that it
took 100,000 slaves 30 years
00:25:11.92\00:25:15.74
to build the pyramid of Cheops.
00:25:15.77\00:25:18.49
How does that fit with the
information that we have today?
00:25:18.52\00:25:22.73
Could the
pyramids have been built
00:25:22.76\00:25:25.12
without modern machines
or engineering techniques?
00:25:25.15\00:25:28.90
Well, the archeological
evidence would suggest
00:25:28.93\00:25:31.14
that they did
not possess the wheel
00:25:31.17\00:25:33.78
or even the block and tackle.
00:25:33.81\00:25:35.52
That they did
not have iron tools,
00:25:35.55\00:25:37.22
they only had
simple copper tools.
00:25:37.25\00:25:39.66
Well, did they have
super natural assistance?
00:25:39.69\00:25:42.29
Were they aided by visitors from
00:25:42.32\00:25:43.55
outer space or
the occult sciences?
00:25:43.58\00:25:45.67
Well, actually there's
no need for such fantasies.
00:25:45.70\00:25:48.28
It could have
been built with the
00:25:48.31\00:25:49.43
simplest of
tools and technologies.
00:25:49.46\00:25:51.96
Before they actually
began to haul the stones,
00:25:51.99\00:25:53.95
they had two
problems, two challenges.
00:25:53.98\00:25:56.34
And that was they
had to level the plateau
00:25:56.37\00:26:00.25
and then they had
to plot the angles
00:26:00.28\00:26:02.92
and the
orientation of the building.
00:26:02.95\00:26:05.35
Well, this Plain of Giza
was chosen because of its height
00:26:05.38\00:26:08.52
above the flooding Nile River
00:26:08.55\00:26:10.91
and the close
proximity of a limestone quarry.
00:26:10.94\00:26:14.63
The area first had to be cleared
00:26:14.66\00:26:16.12
of the gravel and the sand.
00:26:16.15\00:26:17.80
They went down to bed rock
00:26:17.83\00:26:19.09
and then it was
surrounded by a low brick wall.
00:26:19.12\00:26:22.46
And flooded
measurements were take,
00:26:22.49\00:26:24.01
the trenches were cut,
when the water was drained,
00:26:24.04\00:26:26.53
it was a simple matter to level
the area to an equal depth.
00:26:26.56\00:26:32.12
It received its true
northward orientation
00:26:32.15\00:26:35.50
by being aligned with
the circumpolar stars.
00:26:35.53\00:26:39.17
While the plateau
was being leveled,
00:26:39.20\00:26:41.15
thousands of
workers, quarried limestone
00:26:41.18\00:26:43.54
with copper tools,
those two and a half ton
00:26:43.57\00:26:46.62
blocks were floated
to the edge of the river.
00:26:46.65\00:26:49.40
The edge of the Giza
Plateau during the annual flood
00:26:49.43\00:26:52.60
and they were often described
with the "vigorous gang"
00:26:52.63\00:26:56.01
and the "boat gang,"
but what about that granite
00:26:56.04\00:26:59.94
that was used from Aswan?
00:26:59.97\00:27:02.01
Cooper tools
could never cut granite.
00:27:02.04\00:27:04.76
Iron would not be discovered
for another thousand years.
00:27:04.79\00:27:07.28
How could they cut
that, this Aswanian granite?
00:27:07.31\00:27:12.08
Well, they used
special diorite hammers,
00:27:12.11\00:27:15.82
a very hard stone and
they were able to chip
00:27:15.85\00:27:18.11
rough gutters into the
granite and then as they chipped
00:27:18.14\00:27:21.57
that rough gutters,
they were able to take
00:27:21.60\00:27:23.12
wooden wedges and fit them
down in and pour water on it
00:27:23.15\00:27:25.94
and then the water would then
of course expand in the wood
00:27:25.97\00:27:28.68
and it would cause
the stone to crack.
00:27:28.71\00:27:32.22
And then they were
able to take those,
00:27:32.25\00:27:33.84
those hard stones of diorite
and they were able to just
00:27:33.87\00:27:36.62
chisel it out
and make it smooth.
00:27:36.65\00:27:38.55
And then they were
able to fashion the stones,
00:27:38.58\00:27:42.19
some of them weighing 70
tones and put them on barges
00:27:42.22\00:27:47.04
and ship them 500 miles down
00:27:47.07\00:27:49.89
to be used in the
great pyramids tombs.
00:27:49.92\00:27:53.20
A fascinating story.
00:27:53.23\00:27:55.32
Well, the fine Tura limestone
once completely covered
00:27:55.35\00:28:00.57
the Great Pyramids of Giza,
00:28:00.60\00:28:02.34
reflecting the rays of
the sun in a dazzling display.
00:28:02.37\00:28:05.75
It's been
scavenged through the years
00:28:05.78\00:28:07.59
to be used in other buildings.
00:28:07.62\00:28:09.32
Now only Chefren's Pyramid
00:28:09.35\00:28:12.09
wears that
original limestone cap.
00:28:12.12\00:28:15.21
It looks larger
than his father Cheops,
00:28:15.24\00:28:17.57
but this is due to the fact
00:28:17.60\00:28:18.74
that it sits upon higher ground.
00:28:18.77\00:28:21.32
So why did
Herodotus tell us that
00:28:21.35\00:28:23.04
there are 100,000
workers working for 30 years?
00:28:23.07\00:28:27.72
Why did he say that they
had machines and iron tools?
00:28:27.75\00:28:32.71
Think about this fact.
00:28:32.74\00:28:34.42
The pyramids were more distant
from Herodotus in his day
00:28:34.45\00:28:39.71
than the Colosseum
is from us in our day.
00:28:39.74\00:28:42.60
Okay, the
pyramids were more distance
00:28:42.63\00:28:45.14
from Herodotus in his
day, than the Colosseum in Rome
00:28:45.17\00:28:48.62
is from us in our day.
00:28:48.65\00:28:50.76
Herodotus mistook
his guide or priest,
00:28:50.79\00:28:55.72
he thought he had
special information,
00:28:55.75\00:28:57.64
this man here by
the Sphinx also thought
00:28:57.67\00:29:00.82
he has special information.
00:29:00.85\00:29:02.01
I met him and as
we talk that evening,
00:29:02.04\00:29:05.72
he promised to
take me in the morning
00:29:05.75\00:29:09.73
to a special meditation
room inside of this phoenix.
00:29:09.76\00:29:13.21
If only I would
pay the fee tonight.
00:29:13.24\00:29:18.65
Well, there are many
charlatans even today.
00:29:18.68\00:29:21.71
The Sphinx seems to
symbolize all that is
00:29:21.74\00:29:24.63
strange and
mystical about ancient Egypt.
00:29:24.66\00:29:27.37
It was carved from a
large rock out cropping
00:29:27.40\00:29:30.12
in the limestone
quarry below the pyramids.
00:29:30.15\00:29:32.70
Its lion shaped
body is 240 feet long
00:29:32.73\00:29:35.91
and 66 feet high,
the 13 foot wide face
00:29:35.94\00:29:39.64
is that of-- a
portrait of its builder,
00:29:39.67\00:29:41.75
Chefren, whose limestone
capped tombs stands above it.
00:29:41.78\00:29:46.93
The Sphinx is an Egyptian
phrase for a living being
00:29:46.96\00:29:49.88
that fused
together the features of
00:29:49.91\00:29:51.59
king and lion and man.
00:29:51.62\00:29:53.83
But there's nothing
about the great Sphinx
00:29:53.86\00:29:56.42
that is harder to understand
than its tremendous age.
00:29:56.45\00:30:01.89
According to the
stele that's found
00:30:01.92\00:30:03.23
between the paws of the Sphinx,
00:30:03.26\00:30:05.56
a young prince was
running in the desert
00:30:05.59\00:30:07.19
and he paused to take a
nap in the shadow of the Sphinx
00:30:07.22\00:30:09.79
or in the shade of the Sphinx.
00:30:09.82\00:30:11.47
And according to the
story, as the price slept,
00:30:11.50\00:30:14.06
the Sphinx began to talk to him.
00:30:14.09\00:30:16.09
You see, sand had blown in,
it was covering up the arms,
00:30:16.12\00:30:18.87
the paws of the Sphinx
00:30:18.90\00:30:20.65
and so the Sphinx spoke to
him, according to the legend,
00:30:20.68\00:30:22.70
according to the
story between the--
00:30:22.73\00:30:24.38
on the stele and it said,
00:30:24.41\00:30:25.71
if you clean the
sand off of my paws,
00:30:25.74\00:30:29.21
I will make you the
ruler of the two lands.
00:30:29.24\00:30:33.01
Well, the young
man indeed heard that.
00:30:33.04\00:30:36.64
His name was
Prince Tuthmosis IV,
00:30:36.67\00:30:38.48
he cleared the sand of Egypt
00:30:38.51\00:30:40.12
and he became
pharaoh 34 centuries ago.
00:30:40.15\00:30:45.02
And at that time,
00:30:45.05\00:30:46.19
the Sphinx was
already a 1,000 years old.
00:30:46.22\00:30:49.21
Well, I went out to this
Sphinx at 4:30 in the morning
00:30:49.24\00:30:51.85
because I wanted to
photograph that stele
00:30:51.88\00:30:55.60
before the guards
or the tourist arrive
00:30:55.63\00:30:57.98
because I wanted to get some--
00:30:58.01\00:30:59.85
because I want to
get a close up of it,
00:30:59.89\00:31:02.13
because it casts
an interesting light
00:31:02.16\00:31:03.73
upon the Hebrew scriptures.
00:31:03.76\00:31:04.79
You see, Tuthmosis IV was not
the oldest son of his father.
00:31:04.82\00:31:11.11
However, his
brother unexpectedly died
00:31:11.14\00:31:16.38
and he became pharaoh.
00:31:16.41\00:31:18.45
Some people wonder was
he the one of the Exodus.
00:31:18.48\00:31:21.95
Did this take
place during that time?
00:31:21.98\00:31:23.81
Well, let me read to you
what's actually a translation
00:31:23.84\00:31:26.42
from what's on the stele.
00:31:26.45\00:31:28.64
This is between
the paws of the Sphinx.
00:31:28.67\00:31:30.33
It says, "On one
such day it so happened
00:31:30.36\00:31:32.36
that the king's son Tuthmosis
had come hunting at noon
00:31:32.39\00:31:35.71
and afterwards resting
00:31:35.74\00:31:37.08
in the shadow of this great god.
00:31:37.11\00:31:39.24
Sleep seized him and he
found the majestic deity
00:31:39.27\00:31:41.86
speaking to him as a
father speaks to his child.
00:31:41.89\00:31:44.84
'Look at me, Tuthmosis, my son,
00:31:44.87\00:31:47.41
I am your father,
Horus-in-the-Horizon.
00:31:47.44\00:31:50.56
I promise what is my gift,
00:31:50.59\00:31:52.77
earthly rule at the
head of all the living.
00:31:52.80\00:31:55.22
Seated on the
throne of the earth-god
00:31:55.25\00:31:56.85
you will wear the
White Crown and the Red.
00:31:56.88\00:31:59.60
All the territory n which
00:31:59.63\00:32:00.94
the eye of the sun
rests will be yours.
00:32:00.97\00:32:03.11
Yours the food of the two lands,
00:32:03.14\00:32:04.91
great tribute and long life.
00:32:04.94\00:32:07.06
To you I turn my face
and heart for protection,
00:32:07.09\00:32:10.40
since I am sick in all my limbs.
00:32:10.43\00:32:12.84
The sands of the holy place
00:32:12.87\00:32:14.76
upon which I rest
have covered me.'"
00:32:14.79\00:32:17.83
True to his
promise he cleared the sand
00:32:17.86\00:32:20.39
and built mud
brick retaining walls
00:32:20.42\00:32:22.80
to prevent it
from seeping back in
00:32:22.83\00:32:24.37
and indeed he became pharaoh.
00:32:24.40\00:32:26.69
Now we've investigated
how the pyramids were built,
00:32:26.72\00:32:29.93
now we need to know why.
00:32:29.96\00:32:31.93
Why would any
civilization invest
00:32:31.96\00:32:33.76
such tremendous
expenditures of energy and money
00:32:33.79\00:32:37.49
to build these
massive mounts of stone?
00:32:37.52\00:32:41.34
To understand the
reason for the pyramids,
00:32:41.37\00:32:45.10
I want to remind you
00:32:45.13\00:32:46.27
of the religious
beliefs of the Egyptians,
00:32:46.30\00:32:49.21
their beliefs of
death and immortality.
00:32:49.24\00:32:52.51
They believed the king
could survive bodily death
00:32:52.54\00:32:56.49
and bless Egypt from the
afterworld through his Ka,
00:32:56.52\00:33:00.38
if the Ka could survive
to see the body preserved.
00:33:00.41\00:33:06.53
Otherwise, it
would aimlessly roam
00:33:06.56\00:33:08.35
through the earth seeking it.
00:33:08.38\00:33:09.85
That's why they
embalm the bodies
00:33:09.88\00:33:11.17
that we talked about earlier.
00:33:11.20\00:33:12.39
That's why they
fashioned masks of wood
00:33:12.42\00:33:15.18
and masks of gold, resembling
the features of the deceased.
00:33:15.21\00:33:19.63
Now the royal tombs
evolved from deep pits
00:33:19.66\00:33:23.28
in the desert to giant pyramids
00:33:23.31\00:33:25.78
but they were all built
on the west bank of the Nile.
00:33:25.81\00:33:28.39
You see, the Egyptians
saw the sun set in the west
00:33:28.42\00:33:31.08
and they said,
well, that's clear,
00:33:31.11\00:33:34.02
but the sun
would rise in the east
00:33:34.05\00:33:35.54
and so they said we want
to identify with the sun.
00:33:35.57\00:33:38.20
And so even though
we die and be buried,
00:33:38.23\00:33:40.75
we want to rise in the morning
00:33:40.78\00:33:42.73
and so they built
all of their tombs
00:33:42.76\00:33:44.74
on the west bank of the Nile.
00:33:44.77\00:33:46.87
They were
identifying with the static sun
00:33:46.90\00:33:48.71
and the setting sun
in their static world
00:33:48.74\00:33:51.70
but
unfortunately for the pharaohs,
00:33:51.73\00:33:54.71
their gigantic mausoleums
advertised the location
00:33:54.74\00:33:58.16
of undreamed of
wealth for grave robbers.
00:33:58.19\00:34:01.60
And so, the grave robbers came
00:34:01.63\00:34:03.33
and they stole all of
the riches from the tombs.
00:34:03.36\00:34:06.75
And the new kingdom,
a thousand years later,
00:34:06.78\00:34:08.64
they would be
hidden in the cliffs
00:34:08.67\00:34:11.09
of the west bank of the
Nile down at Luxor and Thebes.
00:34:11.12\00:34:15.11
But ultimately,
this didn't work either.
00:34:15.14\00:34:16.21
There was too much wealth
00:34:16.24\00:34:17.27
being buried
with these pharaohs.
00:34:17.30\00:34:19.59
Only one tomb
has come down intact
00:34:19.62\00:34:21.86
from that amazing period.
00:34:21.89\00:34:24.05
You know him as
King Tut or Tutankhamun.
00:34:24.08\00:34:28.28
But before I share
the fascinating story
00:34:28.31\00:34:30.96
of how his tomb was discovered,
00:34:30.99\00:34:33.65
I want to take a moment
and look at Egyptian history
00:34:33.68\00:34:37.26
and see where we might find
00:34:37.29\00:34:38.72
the biblical story
of Moses and Joseph.
00:34:38.75\00:34:42.42
I want to back up just a moment
00:34:42.45\00:34:43.82
to the beginning of
the second millennium B.C.
00:34:43.85\00:34:46.16
there was a Semitic
group from Palestine
00:34:46.19\00:34:48.55
known as the Hyksos or
the foreign chieftains.
00:34:48.58\00:34:51.63
They began to filter across
the desert and they came down
00:34:51.66\00:34:54.47
and they settled in the
Nile delta region of Egypt.
00:34:54.50\00:34:57.12
They had little trouble
00:34:57.15\00:34:58.18
overcoming the native population
00:34:58.21\00:34:59.71
for the Egyptians were not
advanced in the art of warfare.
00:34:59.74\00:35:03.99
They introduced
new weapons from Asia,
00:35:04.02\00:35:06.20
they had body armor and
they introduced body armor
00:35:06.23\00:35:09.97
and bows and arrows and knives
00:35:10.00\00:35:12.44
and most importantly
00:35:12.47\00:35:13.78
they introduced the
horse drawn chariot.
00:35:13.81\00:35:16.90
Now the Bible
relates a fascination story
00:35:16.93\00:35:18.78
of Joseph who also as a Semite.
00:35:18.81\00:35:20.82
He was a Semitic
slave from Palestine
00:35:20.85\00:35:23.48
and the Bible tells
us that he came down
00:35:23.51\00:35:25.22
and he interpreted two
dreams that pharaoh had,
00:35:25.25\00:35:27.87
two strange dreams.
00:35:27.90\00:35:29.59
One was about seven fat
cows that came out of the river
00:35:29.62\00:35:32.75
and then seven thin cows
that came out of the river.
00:35:32.78\00:35:35.33
And pharaoh was perplex by this.
00:35:35.36\00:35:37.34
Notice what the
Bible says about it.
00:35:37.37\00:35:38.83
It's Genesis 41,
00:35:38.86\00:35:41.01
"God hath shown
pharaoh what He is about to do.
00:35:41.04\00:35:44.44
Seven years of great abundance
00:35:44.47\00:35:46.24
are coming
throughout the land of Egypt,
00:35:46.27\00:35:48.35
but seven years of
famine will follow them.
00:35:48.38\00:35:50.80
Then all the abundance
in Egypt will be forgotten
00:35:50.83\00:35:53.29
and the famine
will ravage the land."
00:35:53.32\00:35:57.04
Joseph predicted
seven years of plenty
00:35:57.07\00:35:59.00
to be followed by
seven years of famine.
00:35:59.03\00:36:01.74
Well, pharaoh was
perplexed by this dreadful news,
00:36:01.77\00:36:04.02
certainly he was
familiar with what happened.
00:36:04.05\00:36:05.90
Sometimes it wasn't the
lack of rain, it too much rain
00:36:05.93\00:36:08.51
and the Nile would overflow
and the crops would rot.
00:36:08.54\00:36:11.09
And so he was very
concerned, what should he do?
00:36:11.12\00:36:13.78
And so the Bible tell us
00:36:13.81\00:36:14.90
Joseph recommended wise counsel.
00:36:14.93\00:36:17.48
Joseph recommended
this counsel, he said,
00:36:17.51\00:36:19.57
"Let Pharaoh appoint
commissioners over the land
00:36:19.60\00:36:23.87
to take a fifth of
the harvest of Egypt
00:36:23.90\00:36:26.10
during the seven
years of abundance.
00:36:26.13\00:36:28.20
They should collect all the food
00:36:28.23\00:36:30.00
of these good
years that are coming
00:36:30.03\00:36:31.33
and store up the grain
under the authority of pharaoh,
00:36:31.36\00:36:33.77
to be kept in
the cities for food.
00:36:33.80\00:36:36.65
This food should be held
in reserve for the country,
00:36:36.68\00:36:39.27
to be used during
the seven years of famine
00:36:39.30\00:36:41.41
that will come upon Egypt,
00:36:41.44\00:36:42.83
so that the country may
not be ruined with famine."
00:36:42.86\00:36:47.27
The Bible says
that pharaoh accepted
00:36:47.30\00:36:49.27
Joseph's
interpretation of the dream,
00:36:49.30\00:36:51.44
released him from prison,
00:36:51.47\00:36:52.99
elevated him to
vizier over Egypt.
00:36:53.02\00:36:55.42
The bible goes on to say that...
00:36:55.45\00:36:58.03
"So Pharaoh said to Joseph,
00:37:01.06\00:37:02.27
'I hereby put you in charge
of the whole land of Egypt.'
00:37:02.30\00:37:05.13
Then Pharaoh took his
signet ring from his finger
00:37:05.16\00:37:07.52
and put it on Joseph's finger.
00:37:07.55\00:37:09.71
He dressed him in fine linen
00:37:09.74\00:37:11.30
and put a gold
chain around his neck.
00:37:11.33\00:37:14.74
And he had him ride in a chariot
00:37:14.77\00:37:18.84
as his second in command."
00:37:18.87\00:37:20.51
Who introduced
the chariot to Egypt?
00:37:20.54\00:37:22.55
The Hyksos,
Semites from Palestine.
00:37:22.58\00:37:26.59
And so we could see that
00:37:26.62\00:37:28.30
Joseph would fit into
this period extremely well.
00:37:28.33\00:37:32.08
Bible chronology
places this story of Joseph
00:37:32.11\00:37:34.73
right during the Hyksos rule.
00:37:34.76\00:37:36.95
Joseph was a Semite,
00:37:36.98\00:37:38.22
he'll be readily
accepted by Semites
00:37:38.25\00:37:40.27
who were ruling Egypt.
00:37:40.30\00:37:41.50
Joseph rode in a
chariot, the Semites,
00:37:41.53\00:37:44.57
the Hyksos
introduced the chariot to Egypt.
00:37:44.60\00:37:47.23
Joseph's father,
Jacob and his tribe
00:37:47.26\00:37:49.91
came down to live
in the delta of Goshen.
00:37:49.94\00:37:53.05
Here we have a
painting on the screen
00:37:53.08\00:37:55.37
from a tomb called Beni
Hasan and it is very interesting
00:37:55.40\00:37:59.26
because you can see
that these are not Egyptians.
00:37:59.29\00:38:02.09
These are clearly shepherds.
00:38:02.12\00:38:04.87
Egyptians didn't care
00:38:04.90\00:38:05.93
for taking care of
sheep and their Semitic.
00:38:05.96\00:38:08.31
And so here we
have Semitic shepherds
00:38:08.34\00:38:10.75
coming down and living in Egypt.
00:38:10.78\00:38:13.22
Now this is not about
Jacob but its reflective
00:38:13.25\00:38:16.02
of the story of
Jacob who was shepherd,
00:38:16.05\00:38:18.52
a Semitic
shepherd from Palestine
00:38:18.55\00:38:20.23
who came down and lived
in the delta region of Egypt.
00:38:20.26\00:38:23.02
Now the
Egyptians, they are farmers
00:38:23.05\00:38:24.74
and not really shepherds
00:38:24.77\00:38:25.80
like they are in
Israel or Palestine or Canaan.
00:38:25.83\00:38:29.19
And so they liked
to grow their crops
00:38:29.22\00:38:31.21
and so they're
very different group.
00:38:31.24\00:38:33.66
However, these Semitic shepherds
00:38:33.69\00:38:39.70
would have been readily accepted
00:38:39.73\00:38:41.54
by their racially
related rulers of Egypt,
00:38:41.57\00:38:44.26
the Hyksos rulers.
00:38:44.29\00:38:46.30
They gladly welcomed them
but this was about to change.
00:38:46.33\00:38:51.82
Seqenenre was a
prince from Thebes,
00:38:51.85\00:38:54.71
he rebelled against the
Hyksos dominated government.
00:38:54.74\00:38:57.35
He started a war of liberation.
He made a noble effort.
00:38:57.38\00:39:00.22
Today, his skull is
in the Cairo museum.
00:39:00.25\00:39:03.12
You can see all
the holes in his skull
00:39:03.15\00:39:05.42
were he paid for his
bravery with his life.
00:39:05.45\00:39:08.18
However, his sons
Kamose and Ahmose,
00:39:08.21\00:39:11.42
they continued
the war of liberation
00:39:11.45\00:39:14.26
and they were able
to overthrow the Hyksos.
00:39:14.29\00:39:16.91
They drove them out of the land
00:39:16.94\00:39:18.83
and never again will the Hyksos
00:39:18.86\00:39:20.21
play a dominant role
in the ancient world.
00:39:20.24\00:39:23.46
They become national heroes.
00:39:23.49\00:39:25.13
And they founded the
powerful 18th dynasty.
00:39:25.16\00:39:29.01
Here's a story of
Joseph, just a Jewish myth
00:39:29.04\00:39:32.02
as many people believe?
00:39:32.05\00:39:34.44
Well, there's no
direct references
00:39:34.47\00:39:36.34
to Joseph in Egyptian history.
00:39:36.37\00:39:40.63
But don't be
surprised, there are no really
00:39:40.66\00:39:42.80
direct references to the Hyksos
in Egyptian history either.
00:39:42.83\00:39:45.96
You see, they
didn't like to write about
00:39:45.99\00:39:47.52
bad things that happened
to them in their diaries.
00:39:47.55\00:39:50.60
Expect for one
man who had a tomb
00:39:50.63\00:39:52.79
and he had been
a victor over them
00:39:52.82\00:39:54.82
and he wrote about his
victorious achievements
00:39:54.85\00:39:57.61
in his tomb-- in his tomb walls.
00:39:57.64\00:40:00.77
But they did
find this inscription
00:40:00.80\00:40:02.37
down near Aswan.
00:40:02.40\00:40:04.04
Fascinating, it
says, "I collected corn,
00:40:04.07\00:40:06.75
I was watchful
in time of sowing,
00:40:06.78\00:40:08.86
and when a famine arose
00:40:08.89\00:40:10.26
lasting many
years, I distributed corn.
00:40:10.29\00:40:12.90
The Nile has not overflowed
for a period of seven years.
00:40:12.93\00:40:17.28
Herbage fails,
storehouses were built
00:40:17.31\00:40:19.96
and all that was in
them has been consumed."
00:40:19.99\00:40:23.99
Wow, kind of parallels
00:40:24.02\00:40:25.75
to the story of
Joseph, doesn't it?
00:40:25.78\00:40:27.54
The Egyptians did not make much,
00:40:27.57\00:40:28.76
as I said of the
remaining Hyksos.
00:40:28.79\00:40:30.57
They didn't want the names
00:40:30.60\00:40:31.76
of the foreign
rulers to be remembered
00:40:31.79\00:40:33.50
and the Hyksos were
expelled from Egypt,
00:40:33.53\00:40:36.50
never again to decisive
role in the ancient world.
00:40:36.53\00:40:39.79
And the Egyptians then made
00:40:39.82\00:40:42.02
the remaining Semites
their slaves, their slaves.
00:40:42.05\00:40:47.40
Hebrew 1: 8 is
fascinating to me,
00:40:47.43\00:40:50.60
I used to be perplexed by this.
00:40:50.63\00:40:52.00
It says, "Now a new
king arose over Egypt,
00:40:52.03\00:40:54.93
who did not know Joseph."
00:40:54.96\00:40:56.18
I used to wonder--
if Joseph was so great,
00:40:56.21\00:40:58.90
how could a king not
arise and know who he is?
00:40:58.93\00:41:01.16
That's because
the previous kings
00:41:01.19\00:41:04.16
were Semitic Hyksos
from the area of Palestine.
00:41:04.19\00:41:08.48
Now the local
Egyptians have rose up.
00:41:08.51\00:41:10.60
So a new king arises over Egypt
00:41:10.63\00:41:12.40
who did not
know Joseph, he said,
00:41:12.43\00:41:13.79
"Come, let us
deal wisely with them,
00:41:13.82\00:41:15.69
lest they multiply
and in the event of war,
00:41:15.72\00:41:17.95
they also join
themselves to those who hate us,
00:41:17.98\00:41:20.80
and fight against us.
00:41:20.83\00:41:22.54
So they appointed
taskmasters over them
00:41:22.57\00:41:24.93
to afflict them
with hard labor."
00:41:24.96\00:41:27.94
While the enslave
Hebrews manufactured bricks,
00:41:27.97\00:41:31.65
and the delta, the
new kingdom pharaohs
00:41:31.68\00:41:34.58
were bringing Egypt to
its greatest period of--
00:41:34.61\00:41:39.34
its most glorious periods,
00:41:39.37\00:41:40.66
untold well begin to
pour in from Africa and Asia.
00:41:40.69\00:41:45.07
They launched massive buildings
projects throughout the land
00:41:45.10\00:41:47.66
but there was no city more
decorated then ancient Thebes.
00:41:47.69\00:41:51.86
You see, Thebes was the capital
00:41:51.89\00:41:53.79
of the two lands
for over 1,500 years.
00:41:53.82\00:41:57.80
It was
embellished by powerful kings
00:41:57.83\00:42:01.19
with names like Tuthmosis
00:42:01.22\00:42:03.85
and Rameses and Tutankhamun.
00:42:03.88\00:42:07.02
Two fabulous temples survive
00:42:07.05\00:42:08.97
revealing the
greatness of the past.
00:42:09.00\00:42:10.98
First, I want to take
you over to Luxor Temple
00:42:11.01\00:42:12.82
that was started
by Amenhotep III.
00:42:12.85\00:42:14.80
It was dedicate to
the Theben god Amun-Ra,
00:42:14.83\00:42:17.19
the sun god.
00:42:17.22\00:42:18.39
Who was added to by succeeding
generations of pharaohs
00:42:18.42\00:42:20.96
including Tutankhamun
00:42:20.99\00:42:22.02
and of course Rameses the Great.
00:42:22.05\00:42:23.90
In front of the temple
00:42:23.93\00:42:25.51
they are actually
six statues of Rameses,
00:42:25.54\00:42:27.47
four seated, two standing.
00:42:27.50\00:42:29.10
They're carved out of granite,
00:42:29.13\00:42:30.60
and if they were not
carved out of granite,
00:42:30.63\00:42:31.82
you might have
thought they were poured
00:42:31.85\00:42:32.94
from the same mold
because they're almost exact.
00:42:32.97\00:42:35.63
They are two
obelisks that stand there
00:42:35.66\00:42:37.21
and one of them says that
00:42:37.24\00:42:38.35
the Rameses built
this great temple,
00:42:38.38\00:42:41.76
blithely overlooking the fact
that it stood for 700 years.
00:42:41.79\00:42:44.80
He just added to the
entrance to the temple.
00:42:44.83\00:42:47.85
Today, it's only one
obelisk that stands there.
00:42:47.88\00:42:49.59
The other decorates Paris
00:42:49.62\00:42:51.61
and we can see these
beautiful papyrus budded columns
00:42:51.64\00:42:55.44
and the lotus flowers,
00:42:55.47\00:42:56.96
they're beautiful
by day or by night.
00:42:56.99\00:42:58.96
But Luxor was the
small temple in town,
00:42:58.99\00:43:01.58
the worlds largest
temple was 3 kilometers north.
00:43:01.61\00:43:05.61
Karnak evolved over 2,000 years.
00:43:05.64\00:43:07.93
It sprawls over a 150 acres.
00:43:07.96\00:43:10.20
Its sheer size
makes it almost impossible
00:43:10.23\00:43:12.48
to get into perspective.
00:43:12.51\00:43:13.87
You approach through
00:43:13.90\00:43:15.23
the great
avenue of the Sphinxes.
00:43:15.26\00:43:16.85
There are Sphinxes that led
all the way down to the river
00:43:16.88\00:43:18.63
and then 3 kilometers
00:43:18.66\00:43:19.72
all the way
back to Luxor temple.
00:43:19.75\00:43:21.84
You go through a great
pile on into the four court
00:43:21.87\00:43:24.09
and it's amazing as you
go through these courts.
00:43:24.12\00:43:26.33
We come to my
favorite part of the temple,
00:43:26.36\00:43:28.73
the Hypostyle Hall and here
you can see it on the screen.
00:43:28.76\00:43:31.36
And these columns are
so big that the capitals
00:43:31.39\00:43:34.83
are large enough for 100
men to stand upon each capital.
00:43:34.86\00:43:39.93
Fabulous, they
still hold seven ton beams
00:43:39.96\00:43:43.22
after all of these millenniums.
00:43:43.25\00:43:45.57
Near the scared lake,
00:43:45.60\00:43:46.63
I photographed this
giant scarab beetle.
00:43:46.66\00:43:50.63
The beetle who
pushes his larvae into--
00:43:50.66\00:43:52.93
out of the sand at
sunrise became a symbol
00:43:52.96\00:43:55.38
of the
resurrection to the ancients.
00:43:55.41\00:43:57.69
They wore them as
amulets around their neck
00:43:57.72\00:43:59.91
and they put
them over the hearts
00:43:59.94\00:44:01.14
of their mummies in death.
00:44:01.17\00:44:03.05
These columns of
papyrus reed and lotus flowers
00:44:03.08\00:44:06.84
symbolized
upper and lower Egypt.
00:44:06.87\00:44:08.83
They still retain some of
their color after 3,500 years.
00:44:08.86\00:44:12.71
So I have to confess
that I was really drawn
00:44:12.74\00:44:15.13
to this obelisk, that is here.
00:44:15.16\00:44:17.19
This obelisk was
of Queen Hatshepsut,
00:44:17.22\00:44:19.62
mystery woman of ancient Egypt.
00:44:19.65\00:44:21.91
She was the
daughter of Tuthmosis I.
00:44:21.94\00:44:23.88
Her father died
without leaving any male heirs,
00:44:23.91\00:44:27.25
although he did have a
son through a concubine.
00:44:27.28\00:44:30.07
But the royal
blood was going through
00:44:30.10\00:44:31.97
his daughter Hatshepsut.
00:44:32.00\00:44:34.04
So she married, they
did not have an heir,
00:44:34.07\00:44:38.23
they did not have a son.
00:44:38.26\00:44:40.20
However her
husband, Tuthmosis II
00:44:40.23\00:44:42.19
had a child through a concubine.
00:44:42.22\00:44:45.18
The boy,
Tuthmosis III was crowned
00:44:45.21\00:44:47.08
after his father's death.
00:44:47.11\00:44:48.56
As a lad, he co-ruled
00:44:48.59\00:44:50.17
with his step-mother
aunt for several years
00:44:50.20\00:44:53.25
until she claimed
the throne as her own.
00:44:53.28\00:44:56.49
She wore the ceremonial beard
00:44:56.52\00:44:59.24
and ruled as
pharaoh for over 20 years.
00:44:59.27\00:45:01.74
She erected this
magnificent obelisk
00:45:01.77\00:45:03.68
that we see here, it was taller
than her father's by 30 feet.
00:45:03.71\00:45:07.00
She also
constructed, what I believe
00:45:07.03\00:45:08.96
to be the most
beautiful building in Egypt,
00:45:08.99\00:45:11.21
Deir el-Bahri.
00:45:11.24\00:45:12.87
This, by the way, was
the scene of the massacre
00:45:12.90\00:45:15.10
of the German tourist
00:45:15.13\00:45:16.65
and the others
several years ago.
00:45:16.68\00:45:18.46
But she-- built this beautiful,
00:45:18.49\00:45:21.11
most symmetrical temple in
all of Egypt, Deir el-Bahri.
00:45:21.14\00:45:24.81
It was built on the
west bank of the Nile
00:45:24.84\00:45:27.30
because it was
her funerary temple,
00:45:27.33\00:45:29.48
the place were she was to be
entombed throughout eternity.
00:45:29.51\00:45:33.30
Unfortunately,
all of the release
00:45:33.33\00:45:36.64
of this remarkable
woman have been chiseled out.
00:45:36.67\00:45:39.43
You can see here on the
screen, they're chiseled out.
00:45:39.46\00:45:41.42
All up and down the Nile,
references to her are gone.
00:45:41.45\00:45:46.44
She died, was buried
00:45:46.47\00:45:49.11
but her mummy has
never been discovered.
00:45:49.14\00:45:51.84
Remember the reason for a mummy?
00:45:51.87\00:45:53.94
So the Ka could come
back to it in the afterlife.
00:45:53.97\00:45:56.84
The worst thing in
their world you could do
00:45:56.87\00:45:58.30
is not to kill somebody
but to destroy their mummy.
00:45:58.33\00:46:03.61
Then the person will be bound
00:46:03.64\00:46:05.80
to endless
wandering throughout eternity.
00:46:05.83\00:46:08.73
Now for a fast ending clue
00:46:08.76\00:46:10.05
that brings the Bible
story of Moses into focus.
00:46:10.08\00:46:12.79
According to 1 King 6:1,
00:46:12.82\00:46:15.37
"In the four
hundred and eightieth year
00:46:15.40\00:46:17.25
after the
Israelites came out of Egypt,
00:46:17.28\00:46:19.67
in the fourth year of
Solomon's reign over Israel,
00:46:19.70\00:46:22.79
he began to build
the temple of the Lord."
00:46:22.82\00:46:25.09
Now according to the Bible,
00:46:25.12\00:46:26.62
when will the exodus take place?
00:46:26.65\00:46:29.46
Four hundred and eighty years
00:46:31.57\00:46:33.73
after the
Israelites came out of Egypt.
00:46:33.76\00:46:36.20
They got to forget all about
00:46:36.23\00:46:37.26
what you know about
the exodus right now.
00:46:37.29\00:46:38.96
Because the Bible says it
was 480 years after the exodus
00:46:38.99\00:46:43.18
that Solomon began to
build the temple of the Lord.
00:46:43.21\00:46:45.25
Well, we have some
dates and that's kind of easy
00:46:45.28\00:46:47.55
to establish that
the temple of Solomon
00:46:47.58\00:46:50.89
was constructed around 970 B.C.
00:46:50.92\00:46:53.37
So we can kind
of add and go back
00:46:53.40\00:46:55.46
and see that that
means the exodus would be
00:46:55.49\00:46:57.50
in the mid 15
century around 1450 B.C.
00:46:57.53\00:47:01.48
And we see then
that Moses will be born
00:47:01.51\00:47:04.74
according to this chronology
00:47:04.77\00:47:06.22
right in the midst of
the time of Thutmosis I.
00:47:06.25\00:47:10.04
Who had no male heirs,
00:47:10.07\00:47:12.27
he has a daughter
who usurped the throne.
00:47:12.30\00:47:15.12
And so as we see
Biblical chronology
00:47:15.15\00:47:17.73
we see that they would--
this would fit just perfectly.
00:47:17.76\00:47:20.90
This Thutmosis I
would have been the pharaoh
00:47:20.93\00:47:23.37
who made the decree
to kill all male babies.
00:47:23.40\00:47:25.54
All male Hebrew
babies, I should say.
00:47:27.34\00:47:29.61
Now the poor were
buried in the sand
00:47:29.64\00:47:32.10
or sometimes they'd be
put into little reed baskets
00:47:32.13\00:47:34.06
and floated out
into the Nile river
00:47:34.09\00:47:35.34
where it would
sink and they would die.
00:47:35.37\00:47:37.13
So Moses parents
follow the letter of the law.
00:47:37.16\00:47:39.63
They put their baby
into a little reed basket,
00:47:39.66\00:47:42.10
but first, they sealed it
with pitch so it wouldn't sink
00:47:42.13\00:47:44.77
Then they strategically
placed it where they knew
00:47:44.80\00:47:46.97
Princess Hatshepsut would
come to do her ritual bathing.
00:47:47.00\00:47:50.52
And as she came
to do her bathing,
00:47:50.55\00:47:51.95
she heard the baby cry
and she read in a glance
00:47:51.98\00:47:54.28
what had happened.
00:47:54.31\00:47:55.48
But she thought, I'm barren,
00:47:55.51\00:47:57.65
the Nile god has smiled
upon me and given me a child.
00:47:57.68\00:48:02.06
And so she took the child,
she arranged for his mother,
00:48:02.09\00:48:05.62
his mother to nurse him
and she gave him the name Moses
00:48:05.65\00:48:09.75
because Moses means
born-of or drawn-from.
00:48:09.78\00:48:13.35
Okay, there was Ahmoses,
remember one of the liberators?
00:48:13.38\00:48:16.91
It means he was born
of the deified soul Ka-ah.
00:48:16.94\00:48:20.97
There was Kamoses
born the deified soul Ka.
00:48:21.00\00:48:23.89
There was a Thutmosis,
born of the scribal god thoth.
00:48:23.92\00:48:27.49
There was Ramoses
born of the sun god Ra,
00:48:27.52\00:48:29.84
we call him Rameses today.
00:48:29.87\00:48:32.10
And most likely, the
child would have been Hapimoses,
00:48:32.13\00:48:35.90
born to the Nile god Hapi.
00:48:35.93\00:48:37.91
Moses would have
dropped the reference
00:48:37.94\00:48:39.41
to that Egyptian
name after he left Egypt.
00:48:39.44\00:48:43.07
So this was a very popular name,
00:48:43.10\00:48:44.87
it fits into what we knew
of Egyptian history today.
00:48:44.90\00:48:48.60
Hatshepsut adopted the boy
00:48:48.63\00:48:50.59
arranged for his
maternal mother to nurse him
00:48:50.62\00:48:52.16
until he came of age.
00:48:52.19\00:48:53.73
He was educated by the priest
00:48:53.76\00:48:55.12
and became a
favorite of pharaoh.
00:48:55.15\00:48:56.73
He was bright and
witty and a great soldier.
00:48:56.76\00:48:59.08
When he husband died
without leaving a legal air,
00:48:59.11\00:49:02.33
she intended to put
Moses upon the throne.
00:49:02.36\00:49:05.72
But the step-son
was opposing this,
00:49:05.75\00:49:08.64
the priests of Amon-Ra
were opposing because they,
00:49:08.67\00:49:11.00
they noted a strange sense
of independence in the lad.
00:49:11.03\00:49:14.66
And so they wanted to put
the other boy on the throne.
00:49:14.69\00:49:18.44
They figured with the
child born from the concubine,
00:49:18.47\00:49:21.51
Thutmosis III, after Moses
killed the Egyptian foreman
00:49:21.54\00:49:24.62
and he fled into
the desert Sinai,
00:49:24.65\00:49:26.60
Hatshepsut days were numbered.
00:49:26.63\00:49:28.84
Soon the powerful
priests moved against her
00:49:28.87\00:49:30.90
and established
Thutmosis III as pharaoh.
00:49:30.93\00:49:33.94
Immediately he
dispatched soldiers
00:49:33.97\00:49:35.32
to go throughout the land
00:49:35.35\00:49:36.39
chiseling out all
references to Hatshepsut.
00:49:36.42\00:49:38.93
She disappears from
the annals of the history,
00:49:41.66\00:49:43.94
all of the mummies of
this dynasty has been found.
00:49:43.97\00:49:46.40
Hers is the only exception.
00:49:46.43\00:49:49.31
They would have had
reason for the ultimate revenge.
00:49:49.34\00:49:52.64
Thutmosis not only
had reason to murder her
00:49:52.67\00:49:54.36
but to destroy her mummy
00:49:54.39\00:49:55.55
and confine her soul
to endless wandering.
00:49:55.58\00:49:59.51
Thutmosis invaded the land
of Palestine and Syria 27 times,
00:49:59.54\00:50:05.27
almost every year of his reign.
00:50:05.30\00:50:07.04
The wealth of Asia poured in,
the wealth of Africa poured in.
00:50:07.07\00:50:10.34
The country
experienced its greatest power
00:50:10.37\00:50:12.51
under Thutmosis III.
00:50:12.54\00:50:13.92
The great building
program needed inexpensive labor
00:50:13.95\00:50:17.60
and he specifically says,
00:50:17.63\00:50:19.11
that he used
Semitic slaves in his work.
00:50:19.14\00:50:22.79
Moses would have
approached his step-brother.
00:50:22.82\00:50:24.40
He would
approached his step-brother
00:50:26.19\00:50:27.36
and he said, let my people go.
00:50:27.39\00:50:31.95
And the Bible records
the words of Thutmosis,
00:50:31.98\00:50:33.85
it says, "Who is the Lord,
00:50:33.88\00:50:35.60
that I should obey
him and let Israel go?
00:50:35.63\00:50:37.70
I don't know the Lord and
I will not let Israel go."
00:50:37.73\00:50:40.00
I hear him saying brother Moses,
00:50:40.03\00:50:41.06
you had your
opportunity and you blew it.
00:50:41.09\00:50:43.11
Now you're just a
shepherd out there in Midian,
00:50:43.14\00:50:44.93
why don't you go
back where you came from?
00:50:44.96\00:50:47.14
You're not my
servant, I will not Israel go.
00:50:47.17\00:50:50.17
Now Egyptologists have
established the Moses--
00:50:50.20\00:50:52.52
that Thutmosis I
died March 17, 1450.
00:50:52.55\00:50:56.25
They say he was 60
years old when he died.
00:50:56.28\00:50:59.09
Now when they
discovered his mummy,
00:50:59.12\00:51:00.83
they examined all these
mummies and they x-rayed them.
00:51:00.86\00:51:03.35
And they established that
00:51:03.38\00:51:05.09
Thutmosis III
mummy was 40 years old.
00:51:05.12\00:51:09.18
Now if they said
he was 60 when he died
00:51:09.21\00:51:10.96
and yet the mummy's
40, what's going on here?
00:51:10.99\00:51:13.70
If he was the one who
had gone out to the Red Sea
00:51:13.73\00:51:17.18
and drowned in the Red Sea,
00:51:17.21\00:51:19.07
and they could
not find his body,
00:51:19.10\00:51:20.22
they had to bring back the
body of someone else to embalm
00:51:20.25\00:51:23.10
and to do the
whole elaborate ceremony
00:51:23.13\00:51:24.99
and that's what took place.
00:51:25.02\00:51:26.60
Now do you remember
the time of Passover?
00:51:26.63\00:51:28.65
Ah, spring of the year.
00:51:28.68\00:51:30.79
He died March 17,
spring of the year.
00:51:30.82\00:51:33.74
Spring of the year.
00:51:33.77\00:51:35.41
And so this would be
fascinating insight into Moses,
00:51:35.44\00:51:39.15
this would be the
time that he will live.
00:51:39.18\00:51:40.75
The Bible tells us this
about Moses in Hebrews 11.
00:51:40.78\00:51:43.15
It says, "When
Moses had grown up,
00:51:43.18\00:51:44.66
he refused to be known
00:51:44.69\00:51:45.79
as the son of
Pharaoh's daughter.
00:51:45.82\00:51:47.75
He regarded disgrace
for the sake of Messiah
00:51:47.78\00:51:50.59
as of greater value
than the pleasures of Egypt,
00:51:50.62\00:51:52.78
because he was
looking ahead to his reward."
00:51:52.81\00:51:54.52
I've puzzled over that,
00:51:54.55\00:51:55.72
why would anyone step
away from such a wealth.
00:51:55.75\00:52:00.01
Because he looked
ahead to his reward.
00:52:00.04\00:52:04.25
He believed the reward
of-- of the Hebrews would be
00:52:04.28\00:52:07.56
greater than the
reward of the Egyptians.
00:52:07.59\00:52:10.04
Now if he would
have been a humble
00:52:10.07\00:52:11.10
and pliable
servant of the priests,
00:52:11.13\00:52:13.20
he would have received
a rich and powerful burial
00:52:13.23\00:52:15.87
that's beyond our
wildest imagination.
00:52:15.90\00:52:18.34
But he didn't want the reward
00:52:18.37\00:52:19.72
that came with the
treasures of Egypt.
00:52:19.75\00:52:21.49
He looked ahead to
a different reward,
00:52:21.52\00:52:23.68
you see, as soon as
the pharaoh came to power,
00:52:23.71\00:52:25.28
he begin planning for his death.
00:52:25.31\00:52:26.94
Whether it was
building a pyramid
00:52:26.97\00:52:28.18
or tunneling into
the west bank at Thebes,
00:52:28.21\00:52:30.61
only one tomb has come
down intact from that period
00:52:30.64\00:52:33.34
revealing the
priceless treasures of Egypt.
00:52:33.37\00:52:35.57
It was discovered in
1922 by Howard Carter
00:52:35.60\00:52:39.25
and his patron, Lord Carnavron,
00:52:39.28\00:52:41.39
after eight years of searching
he was almost ready to give up.
00:52:41.42\00:52:44.33
But three days
into the new dig season,
00:52:44.36\00:52:47.05
he found steps leading
down to a sealed doorway.
00:52:47.08\00:52:50.61
Carter summoned
Carnavron from England.
00:52:50.64\00:52:52.67
On November 26, a
lower door was breached
00:52:52.70\00:52:55.73
and Carter peered through
a small hole into the tomb.
00:52:55.76\00:53:00.46
Listen to his words, he
says, "With trembling hands
00:53:00.49\00:53:03.63
I made a tiny breach in
the upper left-hand corner.
00:53:03.66\00:53:06.33
Darkness and blank space
00:53:06.36\00:53:07.62
as far as an iron
testing rod could see.
00:53:07.65\00:53:10.27
Candle tests were
applied as a precaution
00:53:10.30\00:53:13.18
against possible foul gases,
00:53:13.21\00:53:14.94
and then widening
the hole a little,
00:53:14.97\00:53:16.38
I inserted the
candle and peered in,
00:53:16.41\00:53:18.11
Lord Carnarvon
standing anxiously beside me
00:53:18.14\00:53:20.43
to hear the verdict.
00:53:20.46\00:53:21.90
At first I could see nothing,
00:53:21.93\00:53:23.13
the hot air
escaping from the chamber
00:53:23.16\00:53:24.88
causing the
candle flame to flicker,
00:53:24.91\00:53:27.30
but presently as my eyes
grew accustomed to the light,
00:53:27.33\00:53:31.21
details of the room within
emerged slowly from the midst.
00:53:31.24\00:53:35.05
Strange animals,
statues and gold,
00:53:35.08\00:53:39.71
everywhere the glint of gold.
00:53:39.74\00:53:41.96
For the moment, an eternity
00:53:41.99\00:53:43.19
it must have seemed to
the others standing by,
00:53:43.22\00:53:45.32
I was struck
dumb with amazement,
00:53:45.35\00:53:46.88
and when Lord Carnarvon,
00:53:46.91\00:53:47.94
unable to stand the
suspense any longer,
00:53:47.97\00:53:49.62
inquired anxiously,
'Can you see anything?'
00:53:49.65\00:53:52.38
It was all I could
do to get out the words,
00:53:52.41\00:53:55.28
'Yes, wonderful things.'"
00:53:55.31\00:53:58.72
What Carter saw on
his initial glimpse
00:53:58.75\00:54:00.93
was only the
contents of the antechamber.
00:54:00.96\00:54:03.46
Which centuries earlier
have been entered by thieves
00:54:03.49\00:54:06.44
and left in disarray.
00:54:06.47\00:54:08.06
Soon additional
rooms were discovered,
00:54:08.09\00:54:10.25
opened for the first time
00:54:10.28\00:54:11.51
since the death of the boy-king.
00:54:11.54\00:54:12.92
No one could comprehend
the staggering wealth.
00:54:12.95\00:54:15.54
The glory of the art of
the past until this moment
00:54:15.57\00:54:18.77
of discovering Tutankhamun tomb
yielded undreamed of treasures.
00:54:18.80\00:54:24.55
A life size statue of King Tut,
00:54:24.58\00:54:26.93
mason, rod in hands
stood there by the door.
00:54:26.96\00:54:29.89
The skin in black resin
00:54:29.92\00:54:31.12
symbolized the color of rebirth.
00:54:31.15\00:54:33.00
Everything in the
tombs spilling out.
00:54:33.03\00:54:35.27
The hope that he would
be reborn in the after life
00:54:35.30\00:54:37.87
and enjoy the incredible
wealth that was buried with him.
00:54:37.90\00:54:40.90
His death mask of beaten gold
reveals the handsome features
00:54:40.93\00:54:45.46
of the boy-king who
died around 18 years of age.
00:54:45.49\00:54:48.49
The beard under his
chin identifying him as one
00:54:48.52\00:54:51.15
with Osiris,
the god of the dead.
00:54:51.18\00:54:53.17
The throne of
King Tut was woodened
00:54:53.20\00:54:54.81
and covered with
gold and precious jewels.
00:54:54.84\00:54:58.14
And carved into his footstool
were the traditional enemies,
00:54:58.17\00:55:00.86
the Asiatics and the Nubians.
00:55:00.89\00:55:03.03
He was buried in a nest
of coffins, seven coffins.
00:55:03.06\00:55:06.01
One being 22 carat gold
and weighing 296 pounds.
00:55:06.04\00:55:10.68
More than a 143 jewels
were distributed over his body.
00:55:10.71\00:55:14.54
More than 5,000
priceless treasures of art
00:55:14.57\00:55:17.31
were found in the tomb,
effigies of gods and goddess,
00:55:17.34\00:55:20.21
jewels and faces
and chest of ivory
00:55:20.24\00:55:22.92
and furniture and other
fabulous things of beauty
00:55:22.95\00:55:26.41
were removed by Carter
during the next nine years.
00:55:26.44\00:55:29.45
Today, thousands
of them are on display
00:55:29.48\00:55:30.94
in the Cairo museum in Egypt,
the Egyptian museum in Cairo.
00:55:30.97\00:55:35.71
Now while we're
overwhelmed by the beauty,
00:55:35.74\00:55:37.40
we have to
remember he was a minor king
00:55:37.43\00:55:39.76
ruling only 9 years.
00:55:39.79\00:55:41.24
Think of the incredible tomb
of someone like Thutmosis III.
00:55:41.27\00:55:45.60
But Moses turned away
from the treasures of Egypt,
00:55:45.63\00:55:48.22
preferring a different reward.
00:55:48.25\00:55:50.79
Why would anyone turn away
from such a funeral as this?
00:55:50.82\00:55:54.03
Because he believed
the religion of Egypt
00:55:54.06\00:55:58.10
with its belief in the Ka
00:55:58.13\00:55:59.46
and the Ba were
only fairy tales.
00:55:59.49\00:56:02.42
Fables invented by the priest
to perpetuate their wealth.
00:56:02.45\00:56:06.33
The words of the 49th
Psalm symbolize the reason
00:56:09.17\00:56:13.87
I believe that
Moses, left Egypt.
00:56:13.90\00:56:16.06
He said, "Do not be
overawed when a man grows rich,
00:56:16.09\00:56:18.84
when the splendor of
his houses increases.
00:56:18.87\00:56:20.54
For he will take
nothing with time when he dies.
00:56:20.57\00:56:22.77
Though while he lived
he counted himself blessed,
00:56:22.80\00:56:25.22
he will join the
generation of his fathers,
00:56:25.25\00:56:27.13
who will never
see the light of life.
00:56:27.16\00:56:29.17
For all can see
that wise men die,
00:56:29.20\00:56:31.20
and leave wealth to others.
00:56:31.23\00:56:32.30
Their tombs will
remain their houses forever.
00:56:32.33\00:56:34.76
But God will redeem
my life from the grave.
00:56:34.79\00:56:38.15
He will surely
take me to himself."
00:56:38.18\00:56:40.79
Let's pray
together, eternal God,
00:56:40.82\00:56:42.29
I thank you so
much for the opportunity
00:56:42.32\00:56:44.08
to survey ancient Egypt.
00:56:44.11\00:56:45.61
But we ponder the
question of Moses,
00:56:45.64\00:56:47.24
why would anyone turn away?
00:56:47.27\00:56:49.50
Because he looked
ahead to his reward.
00:56:49.53\00:56:51.93
Not a reward of
being buried with gold,
00:56:51.96\00:56:54.16
but a reward of
living forever with You.
00:56:54.19\00:56:56.86
My father, I pray
that You will help us also
00:56:56.89\00:56:58.75
to make the right
choices like Moses did long ago.
00:56:58.78\00:57:01.96
I pray in Jesus name, amen.
00:57:01.99\00:57:04.41
Well, again we
thank you for joining us
00:57:04.44\00:57:06.50
in this wonderful journey
00:57:06.53\00:57:07.86
and we hope that you can
join us for our next episode
00:57:07.89\00:57:10.58
in this thrilling
series on archeology
00:57:10.61\00:57:12.62
and prophecy in
foot steps of Jesus.
00:57:12.65\00:57:15.27