Whilst John Knox was
initially a reluctant preacher
00:00:18.11\00:00:21.08
once he accepted the call,
00:00:21.12\00:00:22.88
he moved forward with
unflinching determination
00:00:22.92\00:00:25.92
and undaunted courage.
00:00:25.95\00:00:27.42
It was said of him
00:00:27.46\00:00:28.79
that he feared
not the face of men
00:00:28.82\00:00:30.79
and while the fires of martyrs
were burning all over Britain,
00:00:30.83\00:00:34.60
they only served to intensify
his zeal for the gospel.
00:00:34.63\00:00:38.60
Ruling was Mary Queen of Scots,
00:00:38.63\00:00:40.84
and it was said
that many a reformer
00:00:40.87\00:00:43.47
wilted under
pressure in front of her.
00:00:43.51\00:00:46.27
However that was not
the case with John Knox,
00:00:46.31\00:00:49.11
he stood before her
and spoke without fear
00:00:49.14\00:00:51.98
and answered
boldly for his faith.
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On one occasion he was
brought before her here
00:01:03.12\00:01:05.66
at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh
00:01:05.69\00:01:07.50
charged with heresy
00:01:07.53\00:01:09.20
as she said
00:01:09.23\00:01:10.57
he instructed the
people to keep a religion
00:01:10.60\00:01:12.67
forbidden by the state,
00:01:12.70\00:01:14.30
thus she said he
transgressed the command of God
00:01:14.34\00:01:17.27
requiring that
subjects obey their princes.
00:01:17.31\00:01:20.68
However, he was able to answer
00:01:20.71\00:01:22.54
with strong and
compelling reason
00:01:22.58\00:01:24.95
saying that right religion
00:01:24.98\00:01:26.65
received its original
strength and authority
00:01:26.68\00:01:29.72
not for worldly princes
but from the eternal God alone.
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He went on to use some
analogies from the past
00:01:41.60\00:01:44.37
that strongly
supported his argument
00:01:44.40\00:01:46.77
if all the seed of Abraham
were the religion of Pharaoh,
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what religion would
have been in the earth
00:01:50.34\00:01:53.07
or if in the
days of the apostles
00:01:53.11\00:01:55.31
all men were the
religion of the Roman emperors,
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then what
religion would have been
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on the face of the earth.
00:02:00.18\00:02:02.02
And so he said,
00:02:02.05\00:02:03.39
"You may perceive, madam,
00:02:03.42\00:02:04.79
that subjects are not bound
00:02:04.82\00:02:06.76
by the religion of their princes
00:02:06.79\00:02:08.66
albeit they are acquired
to give them obedience."
00:02:08.69\00:02:12.53
Mary responded,
00:02:16.73\00:02:18.07
"Ye interpret the
scriptures one way
00:02:18.10\00:02:20.50
and they the
Roman Catholic teachers
00:02:20.54\00:02:22.94
interpret another way,
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whom shall I believe and
whom shall be the judge."
00:02:24.51\00:02:27.64
"Ye shall believe God,
00:02:30.75\00:02:32.55
that plainly
speaketh in His Word,
00:02:32.58\00:02:34.78
and further than
the word teacheth you,
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ye shall neither
believe the one nor the other.
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The Word of God
is plain in itself.
00:02:39.49\00:02:42.56
And if there appear
any obscurity in one place,
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the Holy Ghost
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which is never
contrary to itself,
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explains the same more
clearly in other places
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so there can remain no doubt
00:02:52.30\00:02:54.40
except unto such as
obstinately remain ignorant."
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John Knox pointed to
the supremacy of the Bible
00:03:02.91\00:03:05.65
and the internal
consistency of the bible
00:03:05.68\00:03:08.18
in being able to answer
the challenging questions
00:03:08.22\00:03:11.19
that were put before him,
00:03:11.22\00:03:12.55
it was answers such as these
00:03:12.59\00:03:14.29
that illustrate
just how bold he was,
00:03:14.32\00:03:16.56
but it was not
just his intellect
00:03:16.59\00:03:18.46
that put fear into
Mary Queen of Scots
00:03:18.49\00:03:20.83
but also his prayer life,
00:03:20.86\00:03:22.93
it was said by her,
00:03:22.96\00:03:24.30
"I feared the
prayers of John Knox
00:03:24.33\00:03:26.43
more than 10,000 men
armed and ready for war."
00:03:26.47\00:03:30.27
John Knox started his ministry
carrying a two-handed sword
00:03:30.31\00:03:34.14
following his
teacher George Wishart
00:03:34.18\00:03:36.28
but by the end of his ministry,
00:03:36.31\00:03:38.05
he was more famous
for his prayer life.
00:03:38.08\00:03:40.18
Prayer is a gift
00:03:46.96\00:03:48.29
that has been
given to the believer
00:03:48.32\00:03:49.86
an opportunity to talk to
God to present our petitions
00:03:49.89\00:03:53.23
and lay our burdens to Him,
00:03:53.26\00:03:55.03
may we strike fear
in the enemy's kingdom
00:03:55.06\00:03:57.80
not through might
00:03:57.83\00:03:59.17
but through a
faithful prayer life,
00:03:59.20\00:04:01.17
what it is the key
in the hand of faith
00:04:01.20\00:04:03.67
to unlock heaven storehouse.
00:04:03.71\00:04:05.67
For centuries the Waldensian's
00:04:48.88\00:04:50.39
had been a
beacon of light shining
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amidst the prevailing darkness,
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faithfully they
preserve God's Word
00:04:54.76\00:04:57.03
and work tirelessly to
share it throughout Europe,
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for this they paid a high price
00:05:00.26\00:05:02.26
facing wave after
wave of bitter persecution,
00:05:02.30\00:05:06.13
the intense
persecution that they faced
00:05:06.17\00:05:08.57
began to wear down
the Waldensian churches,
00:05:08.60\00:05:11.27
and they began to
give in to the temptation
00:05:11.31\00:05:13.68
to compromise.
00:05:13.71\00:05:15.04
Many began to render
an outward compliance
00:05:15.08\00:05:17.68
to the papacy
00:05:17.71\00:05:19.05
while trying to remain true
to their faith in God's Word.
00:05:19.08\00:05:22.35
But this course of action
00:05:22.38\00:05:24.22
began to quietly erode
the purity of their faith.
00:05:24.25\00:05:27.56
Around this time of crisis,
00:05:34.33\00:05:36.23
the Waldensian's got
word of the reformation
00:05:36.26\00:05:38.70
that was beginning to
take root throughout Europe,
00:05:38.73\00:05:41.07
they heard of the work
00:05:41.10\00:05:42.44
that was taking
place in Germany,
00:05:42.47\00:05:44.04
Switzerland and France.
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And in order to
fully understand the nature
00:05:45.61\00:05:47.68
of this new movement
00:05:47.71\00:05:49.04
and determine what
similarities they shared,
00:05:49.08\00:05:51.38
the Waldensian
churches decided to send
00:05:51.41\00:05:53.31
a few delegations of ambassadors
00:05:53.35\00:05:55.35
to the churches in Europe.
00:05:55.38\00:05:57.72
As these ambassadors came back,
00:05:57.75\00:05:59.62
they brought back
some of the writings
00:05:59.65\00:06:01.16
of the leading reformers
00:06:01.19\00:06:02.52
as well as reports
00:06:02.56\00:06:03.89
of what similarities they shared
00:06:03.93\00:06:05.29
and is greatly encouraged
the Waldensian believers.
00:06:05.33\00:06:08.06
Up until this point,
00:06:08.10\00:06:09.43
they have been a
lone voice calling people
00:06:09.46\00:06:11.50
back to the
standard of God's Word
00:06:11.53\00:06:13.54
and reports of other
like-minded believers
00:06:13.57\00:06:15.87
was a source of
great comfort to them.
00:06:15.90\00:06:18.11
The leaders of the
Waldensian churches
00:06:23.61\00:06:25.68
then decided to convene a synod
00:06:25.71\00:06:27.82
with representatives
from the protestant churches
00:06:27.85\00:06:30.42
so they could
meet with the leaders
00:06:30.45\00:06:31.79
of the Waldensian churches
to discuss their beliefs
00:06:31.82\00:06:34.52
and further
determine the relationship
00:06:34.56\00:06:37.03
that the Waldensian's
would have with the reformation
00:06:37.06\00:06:39.46
as a whole.
00:06:39.49\00:06:40.83
On the 12th of October, 1532
00:06:46.47\00:06:49.24
right here in
the Angrogna Valley,
00:06:49.27\00:06:51.37
the Synod of
Chanforan was convened
00:06:51.41\00:06:53.88
and sat for six
consecutive days.
00:06:53.91\00:06:56.54
One of the most
significant decisions
00:06:56.58\00:06:58.11
that was made
00:06:58.15\00:06:59.48
was a resolution
to translate and print
00:06:59.51\00:07:01.72
the entire Bible
into the French language.
00:07:01.75\00:07:04.55
And the Waldensian churches
00:07:04.59\00:07:06.19
raised the funds
for this endeavor.
00:07:06.22\00:07:08.69
The work was then
undertaken by Calvin
00:07:08.72\00:07:11.16
and his cousin Oliveton
and was completed in 1535.
00:07:11.19\00:07:15.60
The Bible was then printed
in Neuchatel, Switzerland
00:07:15.63\00:07:19.00
and then distributed
00:07:19.03\00:07:20.37
amongst the French-speaking
Protestants in Europe.
00:07:20.40\00:07:23.57
Some of the commonality
shared between the two churches
00:07:28.91\00:07:31.71
was a rejection of
decidedly papal institutions
00:07:31.75\00:07:34.98
such as the mass, confession,
00:07:35.02\00:07:37.09
the celebration of
feasts, the worship of saints,
00:07:37.12\00:07:40.22
the celebration of lent,
00:07:40.26\00:07:41.86
the observance of
the lenticular fast
00:07:41.89\00:07:44.13
and prayers for the dead.
00:07:44.16\00:07:45.66
Other doctrines
that they also rejected
00:07:45.69\00:07:47.80
was purgatory,
penance, and celibacy.
00:07:47.83\00:07:50.90
However, it was not all good
00:07:50.93\00:07:53.03
in their joy at
finding fellowship
00:07:53.07\00:07:55.20
the Waldensian
churches were quick to embrace
00:07:55.24\00:07:57.81
some of the shortcomings
of the reformation as well.
00:07:57.84\00:08:00.41
Whilst the
reformation of the 16th century
00:08:00.44\00:08:02.74
was a decided step
in the right direction,
00:08:02.78\00:08:05.41
it did not bring
about a complete restoration
00:08:05.45\00:08:07.95
of biblical truth.
00:08:07.98\00:08:09.35
In some areas of
belief and doctrine,
00:08:09.38\00:08:12.15
the
Waldensian's made compromises
00:08:12.19\00:08:14.32
that
represented a step backwards
00:08:14.36\00:08:16.59
as they found
fellowship with the reformation.
00:08:16.62\00:08:18.93
Two things that stand out
from the Synod of Chanforan,
00:08:23.57\00:08:26.57
firstly we see the importance
of Christian fellowship,
00:08:26.60\00:08:29.70
and we see the
importance of the accountability
00:08:29.74\00:08:32.37
and encouragement
00:08:32.41\00:08:33.74
that comes with
Christian fellowship.
00:08:33.78\00:08:35.94
However, fellowship
can be a two-edged sword
00:08:35.98\00:08:38.88
and sometimes we can
be tempted to compromise
00:08:38.91\00:08:41.95
as we do fellowship
with other believers.
00:08:41.98\00:08:44.85
Let us be careful as
we're on this road to heaven
00:08:44.89\00:08:47.76
that we do not let
our Christian experience
00:08:47.79\00:08:50.16
be derailed
00:08:50.19\00:08:51.53
but that we stay on track
00:08:51.56\00:08:53.13
and keep our
eyes focused on Jesus.
00:08:53.16\00:08:56.20
As the new world was
discovered by Columbus in 1492,
00:09:42.84\00:09:47.35
two men were born on
this side of the Atlantic
00:09:47.38\00:09:50.39
who would have a powerful impact
00:09:50.42\00:09:51.99
on the shaping of
Protestantism in Britain,
00:09:52.02\00:09:55.06
Latimer and Kremlin.
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Hugh Latimer was born in 1491
00:09:57.36\00:10:01.00
here in the small
village of Thurcaston
00:10:01.03\00:10:03.87
just north of Leicester,
00:10:03.90\00:10:05.67
a similar area
00:10:05.70\00:10:07.04
that John
Wickliffe would have worked
00:10:07.07\00:10:08.87
just over a century before.
00:10:08.90\00:10:11.37
His father was a farmer
00:10:11.41\00:10:13.04
and yet despite
their humble occupation,
00:10:13.07\00:10:15.78
he made sure that
Latimer stayed in school
00:10:15.81\00:10:18.61
and got an
education a vital decision
00:10:18.65\00:10:21.82
that would take him far in life.
00:10:21.85\00:10:24.19
He enrolled in
Cambridge University
00:10:28.76\00:10:30.76
at the age of 14
00:10:30.79\00:10:32.36
and in 1510 was elected a fellow
00:10:32.39\00:10:35.06
here at Clair College.
00:10:35.10\00:10:37.40
He was at the
time an ardent papist
00:10:37.43\00:10:39.63
and preached
passionately against men
00:10:39.67\00:10:41.87
such as Luther and
Melanchthon for seven years.
00:10:41.90\00:10:45.34
His belief in
Catholic teachings was great
00:10:45.37\00:10:47.78
and his zeal
00:10:47.81\00:10:49.14
in the divine mission of
the papacy was unshakable.
00:10:49.18\00:10:52.58
So what turned
this pillar of papism
00:10:52.61\00:10:55.25
into a pillar of Protestantism,
00:10:55.28\00:10:57.49
an encounter with a man
by the name of Thomas Bilney
00:10:57.52\00:11:00.56
who afterwards would visit him
00:11:00.59\00:11:02.26
even coming to
the confessional booth
00:11:02.29\00:11:04.06
to speak with him
00:11:04.09\00:11:05.43
and he eventually
changed his views,
00:11:05.46\00:11:07.40
the two men would
later go and visit the sick
00:11:07.43\00:11:09.86
and imprisoned in
Cambridge together.
00:11:09.90\00:11:12.37
Latimer went on to
become the Royal chaplain
00:11:20.14\00:11:22.91
and the bishop here in Worcester
00:11:22.94\00:11:25.01
advocating for papal
reform and denouncing the clergy
00:11:25.05\00:11:28.65
who did not own a
Bible or the parishioners
00:11:28.68\00:11:31.45
who could not even
recite the Lord's prayer.
00:11:31.49\00:11:34.42
His clarion call to reform
ended him in prison in 1539,
00:11:34.46\00:11:39.03
but he was spared the
stake by the intervention
00:11:39.06\00:11:41.46
of Thomas Cromwell.
00:11:41.50\00:11:42.96
He remained in prison
until the death of Henry VIII
00:11:43.00\00:11:46.00
when Edward VI
released him from prison.
00:11:46.03\00:11:48.84
He would never ever hold
the high office of bishop again
00:11:48.87\00:11:52.17
but continued
to preach regularly
00:11:52.21\00:11:54.21
where audiences
enjoyed his preaching
00:11:54.24\00:11:56.41
which was known for his wit,
00:11:56.44\00:11:57.98
his intelligence,
and his biblical nature.
00:11:58.01\00:12:00.82
When Edward VI
died on July 6th, 1553,
00:12:06.05\00:12:10.69
England was thrown into turmoil.
00:12:10.73\00:12:13.19
Lady Jane Grey
ascended the throne
00:12:13.23\00:12:15.13
but only had it for nine days
00:12:15.16\00:12:16.93
before Mary
Tudor took the throne.
00:12:16.97\00:12:19.47
Despite initial
favor toward the reformers,
00:12:19.50\00:12:22.64
her intentions of making England
00:12:22.67\00:12:24.87
a Catholic nation
00:12:24.91\00:12:26.24
soon became clear.
00:12:26.27\00:12:27.84
Mary ordered the
arrest of Latimer
00:12:33.75\00:12:35.98
and word reached him
00:12:36.02\00:12:37.45
that his captors
were on their way
00:12:37.49\00:12:39.29
offering him an
opportunity to escape
00:12:39.32\00:12:41.82
but he chose not to,
00:12:41.86\00:12:43.93
as he passed Smithfield
00:12:43.96\00:12:45.66
on his way to
London he commented,
00:12:45.69\00:12:48.00
"This place has
long grown for my life."
00:12:48.03\00:12:51.73
Imprisoned here at
the Tower of London,
00:12:51.77\00:12:54.60
he met Nicholas
Ridley, Bishop of London
00:12:54.64\00:12:57.37
and Thomas Cranmer,
Archbishop of Canterbury.
00:12:57.41\00:13:00.28
In March of 1554,
00:13:05.85\00:13:08.08
they were tried here in Oxford
00:13:08.12\00:13:10.05
where Latimer was asked
00:13:10.09\00:13:11.42
whether the
natural body of Christ
00:13:11.45\00:13:13.42
was in the sacrament
to which he responded,
00:13:13.46\00:13:15.82
"Our Savior's body is in heaven
00:13:15.86\00:13:18.53
whether He
departed at the ascension."
00:13:18.56\00:13:20.90
He went on to explain
00:13:20.93\00:13:22.43
that the change at
communion was not in the bread
00:13:22.46\00:13:25.33
but in the
heart of the believer.
00:13:25.37\00:13:27.10
He and Ridley
were sentenced to death
00:13:32.27\00:13:34.41
and on the 16th of October,
00:13:34.44\00:13:36.18
they were brought to
the place of their execution
00:13:36.21\00:13:38.58
outside Balliol College,
00:13:38.61\00:13:40.28
here a cross marks the
ground of the exact spot
00:13:40.32\00:13:44.05
where they were burned to death.
00:13:44.09\00:13:46.22
Before the flames
they shared an embrace
00:13:46.25\00:13:48.52
and Ridley said to Latimer,
00:13:48.56\00:13:50.33
"Be of good cheer, brother,
00:13:50.36\00:13:51.99
God will either
assuage the fury of the flames
00:13:52.03\00:13:55.00
or strengthen us to endure it."
00:13:55.03\00:13:57.77
Latimer then responded,
00:13:57.80\00:13:59.37
"Be of good comfort,
master Ridley and play the man.
00:13:59.40\00:14:02.80
We shall this day by God's grace
00:14:02.84\00:14:05.94
light a candle in England
00:14:05.97\00:14:07.98
as I trust in God
shall never be put out."
00:14:08.01\00:14:11.81
History says that
Latimer died soon after,
00:14:11.85\00:14:14.78
but Ridley died a
slow and painful death.
00:14:14.82\00:14:18.35
The cost of their death
00:14:23.46\00:14:24.89
was just over one
pound and five shillings,
00:14:24.93\00:14:28.06
but the real result
00:14:28.10\00:14:29.76
was the overthrow of
Romanism here in England,
00:14:29.80\00:14:33.13
the entire country
was appalled by a religion
00:14:33.17\00:14:36.24
that had to resort
to such brutal methods
00:14:36.27\00:14:38.54
in order to sustain itself.
00:14:38.57\00:14:41.04
As we contemplate
their life and their death,
00:14:41.08\00:14:43.85
the real
question for us though is
00:14:43.88\00:14:45.75
does the light that
they lit at their death
00:14:45.78\00:14:48.28
still burn in our
lives and our witness today.
00:14:48.32\00:14:52.19
Some men are born heroes,
00:15:29.82\00:15:32.13
they can look fear in the face
00:15:32.16\00:15:34.23
and wonder what it is,
00:15:34.26\00:15:36.13
others are not born that way
00:15:36.16\00:15:37.97
but they end
their life as heroes,
00:15:38.00\00:15:40.40
Thomas Cranmer was such a man.
00:15:40.44\00:15:43.34
Born into a good family
00:15:43.37\00:15:45.21
a well-to-do family
00:15:45.24\00:15:46.94
here in the village of Aslockton
00:15:46.98\00:15:49.11
on the 2nd of July 1489.
00:15:49.14\00:15:52.81
Thomas Cranmer was
educated from a young age
00:15:52.85\00:15:55.88
and growing up we know
that he was an expert bowmen,
00:15:55.92\00:15:59.55
hunter, and a great horseman.
00:15:59.59\00:16:01.52
He enrolled at
Cambridge University
00:16:09.96\00:16:11.87
at the age of 14 and
earned his BA in 1511,
00:16:11.90\00:16:15.94
he was then elected a
fellow here at Jesus College
00:16:15.97\00:16:18.97
and earned his
Doctor of Divinity in 1523.
00:16:19.01\00:16:22.74
He lost his
scholarship fellowship
00:16:22.78\00:16:24.11
a year later when he got married
00:16:24.15\00:16:25.58
but a year after that
when his wife and child died,
00:16:25.61\00:16:28.58
he regained his fellowship.
00:16:28.62\00:16:30.32
His rise to
archbishop was unconventional
00:16:36.42\00:16:39.29
and not sought after,
00:16:39.33\00:16:40.73
the issue of the
day was King Henry VIII
00:16:40.76\00:16:42.90
desire to devote his
first wife Catherine of Aragon.
00:16:42.93\00:16:46.40
And Cranmer commented
to some friends at a lunch
00:16:46.43\00:16:49.17
that he thought
the king should obtain
00:16:49.20\00:16:50.81
a consensus of opinion
00:16:50.84\00:16:52.44
from the leading
universities around Europe
00:16:52.47\00:16:54.94
regarding whether
this was permissible.
00:16:54.98\00:16:57.35
Word of these
comments reached the king
00:16:57.38\00:16:59.78
who liked them and
thought highly of Cranmer.
00:16:59.81\00:17:03.08
This set-in
series a motion of events
00:17:03.12\00:17:05.95
that ended up with Cranmer
00:17:05.99\00:17:07.42
becoming the
Archbishop of Canterbury
00:17:07.46\00:17:09.76
even though he had
never been a bishop before
00:17:09.79\00:17:12.46
and was quite content
being a university scholar.
00:17:12.49\00:17:15.93
Henry
subsequently divorced Catherine
00:17:25.51\00:17:28.44
and married Anne Boleyn
00:17:28.48\00:17:30.41
whose daughter
Elizabeth later queen of England
00:17:30.45\00:17:33.92
was goddaughter to Cranmer.
00:17:33.95\00:17:36.18
Henry's gift to England
was to break the yoke of Rome
00:17:36.22\00:17:40.26
and to abolish monasticism,
00:17:40.29\00:17:42.52
but he himself
was a faithful papist
00:17:42.56\00:17:45.29
in his beliefs until the end.
00:17:45.33\00:17:47.20
At the coronation of Edward VI,
00:17:58.74\00:18:01.11
Cranmer preached a
sermon likening him
00:18:01.14\00:18:03.95
to the biblical boy King Josiah.
00:18:03.98\00:18:06.68
Cranmer also was instrumental
00:18:06.72\00:18:08.75
in translating the
Book of Common Prayer
00:18:08.78\00:18:11.05
into English for the first time
00:18:11.09\00:18:12.79
rather than using
the traditional Latin.
00:18:12.82\00:18:16.12
In 1553
following Edward's death,
00:18:16.16\00:18:18.89
Mary Tudor
ascended to the throne
00:18:18.93\00:18:21.20
despite an
attempt by Lady Jane Grey
00:18:21.23\00:18:23.70
to hold the throne
which lasted only nine days.
00:18:23.73\00:18:27.14
Mary then took Stephen Gardiner
from the Tower of London
00:18:27.17\00:18:30.61
and made him Lord Chancellor,
00:18:30.64\00:18:32.34
she then threw
Thomas Cranmer in prison
00:18:32.37\00:18:35.08
for his role in
Henry's divorce from her mother
00:18:35.11\00:18:37.95
and for his Protestant beliefs.
00:18:37.98\00:18:40.35
Cranmer spent
2.5 years in prison
00:18:44.82\00:18:47.52
during which time he was brought
00:18:47.56\00:18:49.06
to the roof of the prison
00:18:49.09\00:18:50.53
to watch the
martyrdom of Ridley and Latimer
00:18:50.56\00:18:53.03
in an attempt to make him recant
00:18:53.06\00:18:54.96
which he eventually did
00:18:55.00\00:18:56.43
pledging his
allegiance to Catholicism
00:18:56.46\00:18:58.60
where this did not
secure his freedom.
00:18:58.63\00:19:01.00
He was finally brought to
trial here at St. Mary's Church
00:19:01.04\00:19:04.31
where he was forced to listen
00:19:04.34\00:19:05.74
to a two-hour
sermon denouncing himself.
00:19:05.77\00:19:09.14
When he was brought to
make a public recantation,
00:19:09.18\00:19:11.51
he stood on a wooden platform
00:19:11.55\00:19:13.38
which rested against a pillar
00:19:13.42\00:19:15.12
where a wedge was cut
which can still be seen today.
00:19:15.15\00:19:18.55
He stood up,
00:19:18.59\00:19:19.92
denounced the
pope as Antichrist,
00:19:19.95\00:19:21.89
withdrew his former recantation
00:19:21.92\00:19:24.63
and stood by his
previous teachings.
00:19:24.66\00:19:27.13
He was taken to the
place of his execution
00:19:33.97\00:19:36.27
and as he reached the flames,
00:19:36.30\00:19:37.84
he held his right hand in first,
00:19:37.87\00:19:40.41
the same that had
signed the recantation saying,
00:19:40.44\00:19:43.48
"This hand hath offended,
it shall first be burned."
00:19:43.51\00:19:47.32
He held it there for a while
00:19:47.35\00:19:48.88
before
collapsing into the flames.
00:19:48.92\00:19:51.25
Mary went on to
slaughter 250 more Protestants
00:19:57.89\00:20:01.06
during her reign
and when she died,
00:20:01.10\00:20:03.16
Elizabeth I took the throne.
00:20:03.20\00:20:05.63
One of her first acts as regent
00:20:05.67\00:20:07.70
was to revive the Book of Prayer
00:20:07.74\00:20:09.80
written by Cranmer
00:20:09.84\00:20:11.17
which was a
fitting tribute to the man
00:20:11.21\00:20:13.17
who was her Godfather.
00:20:13.21\00:20:14.54
Though Cranmer
recanted in the face of pressure
00:20:22.85\00:20:26.12
and persecution,
00:20:26.15\00:20:27.49
he ended his life a hero
00:20:27.52\00:20:29.32
faithful to God at the very end.
00:20:29.36\00:20:31.73
Proverbs 24:16 says,
00:20:31.76\00:20:34.23
"That a just man
falls seven times
00:20:34.26\00:20:36.83
but rises again."
00:20:36.87\00:20:38.40
It's not how often
you fall that matters
00:20:38.43\00:20:41.10
but that you rise at the end.
00:20:41.14\00:20:43.10
In 1572,
00:21:31.15\00:21:33.15
here in Paris
an event took place
00:21:33.19\00:21:35.62
that has been described
in the book Great Controversy
00:21:35.66\00:21:38.56
as blackest in the
black catalog of crime.
00:21:38.59\00:21:42.76
On the 24th of August,
00:21:42.80\00:21:45.20
St. Bartholomew's Massacre began
00:21:45.23\00:21:48.50
as the bells sounded at night,
00:21:48.54\00:21:51.07
a slaughter began of
the French Protestants
00:21:51.11\00:21:54.31
who were in the city.
00:21:54.34\00:21:55.68
There were more
of them than usual
00:21:55.71\00:21:57.15
because they had gathered
00:21:57.18\00:21:58.51
for the wedding of
one of their leaders.
00:21:58.55\00:22:00.82
And in the night,
00:22:00.85\00:22:02.18
they were
dragged from their houses
00:22:02.22\00:22:03.92
and murdered in cold blood.
00:22:03.95\00:22:06.49
The slaughter continued
00:22:06.52\00:22:08.12
here in the city of
Paris for seven days
00:22:08.16\00:22:11.09
and then it spread
abroad to other cities
00:22:11.13\00:22:13.90
like Leon and Rouen and Orleans
00:22:13.93\00:22:17.07
and some people estimate
00:22:17.10\00:22:18.90
that up to 70,000
people were killed
00:22:18.93\00:22:21.54
over the next weeks and months.
00:22:21.57\00:22:23.81
Two days before
St. Bartholomew's,
00:22:31.55\00:22:33.95
the King's mother Catherine
00:22:33.98\00:22:35.95
ordered the assassination
of Admiral Gaspard De Coligny,
00:22:35.98\00:22:40.06
a Huguenot leader.
00:22:40.09\00:22:41.56
The assassination attempt failed
00:22:41.59\00:22:44.03
and they feared
that the Huguenots
00:22:44.06\00:22:45.76
would launch a counter-attack
00:22:45.79\00:22:47.66
and so the second
time round they made sure
00:22:47.70\00:22:50.30
and they killed
the admiral in his bed,
00:22:50.33\00:22:53.30
and then the
killing spree started.
00:22:53.34\00:22:56.57
The butchery
continued for seven months
00:22:56.60\00:22:59.21
across the whole of France.
00:22:59.24\00:23:01.41
Many of those who were killed
00:23:01.44\00:23:03.01
were great and
honorable people in society
00:23:03.04\00:23:06.15
as commoners and nobility
alike suffered the same fate.
00:23:06.18\00:23:10.19
Two or three governors refused
to obey the King's orders
00:23:21.50\00:23:24.73
and one of these
Pullman Morin wrote a letter
00:23:24.77\00:23:27.87
that deserves to be repeated,
00:23:27.90\00:23:29.97
"Sire, I have received an order,
00:23:30.01\00:23:32.17
under your majesty's seal,
00:23:32.21\00:23:34.01
to put to death
all the protestants
00:23:34.04\00:23:36.18
in my province.
00:23:36.21\00:23:37.61
I have too much
respect for your majesty,
00:23:37.65\00:23:39.88
not to believe
the letter a forgery
00:23:39.91\00:23:42.48
but if, which God forbid,
the order should be genuine,
00:23:42.52\00:23:46.32
I have too much respect
for your majesty to obey it.
00:23:46.35\00:23:49.72
When the news reached Rome,
00:23:54.33\00:23:56.30
the response was
jubilant and very undiplomatic,
00:23:56.33\00:24:00.27
the joy amongst the
clergy knew no bounds,
00:24:00.30\00:24:03.47
the Cardinal of
Lorraine rewarded the messenger
00:24:03.51\00:24:06.47
with a thousand crowns.
00:24:06.51\00:24:08.14
The Canon of St.
Angelo funded a joyous salute
00:24:08.18\00:24:11.88
and the bells on every steeple
rang throughout the city.
00:24:11.91\00:24:15.95
Gregory XIII
accompanied by Cardinals
00:24:15.98\00:24:19.15
and other
ecclesiastical dignitaries
00:24:19.19\00:24:21.59
led a procession to
the Church of St. Louis
00:24:21.62\00:24:24.59
with a Cardinal of Lorraine
00:24:24.63\00:24:26.33
lead chant of "AUM".
00:24:26.36\00:24:28.83
A medal was struck to
commemorate the massacre.
00:24:28.86\00:24:31.93
And in the Vatican today
00:24:31.97\00:24:33.47
can be seen the
three frescoes of Vasari
00:24:33.50\00:24:37.07
describing the
attack on the admiral.
00:24:37.11\00:24:39.81
The king in council
plotting the massacre
00:24:39.84\00:24:42.54
and the massacre itself.
00:24:42.58\00:24:44.38
St. Bartholomew's
was one of those events
00:24:52.42\00:24:54.56
that helped to
create a shared identity
00:24:54.59\00:24:56.96
between Lutherans,
Calvin's reformed Church,
00:24:56.99\00:24:59.73
and the Anglicans.
00:24:59.76\00:25:01.10
Catholicism was the other
00:25:01.13\00:25:02.96
and the violence
directed towards Protestants
00:25:03.00\00:25:05.77
created a shared
sense of injustice
00:25:05.80\00:25:08.37
and solidarity that spread
00:25:08.40\00:25:10.31
through our
international Protestantism.
00:25:10.34\00:25:12.07
St. Bartholomew's
remains one of the many stains
00:25:18.78\00:25:21.58
on the Catholic Church
00:25:21.62\00:25:22.95
when the tragic consequences
00:25:22.98\00:25:24.49
of the union of church and state
00:25:24.52\00:25:27.02
were seen in full effect.
00:25:27.06\00:25:28.56
In the Bible, Jesus said
that we should render to Caesar
00:25:28.59\00:25:31.96
or the state that were to Caesar
00:25:31.99\00:25:33.76
and to God that which is God,
00:25:33.80\00:25:35.90
meaning that church and
state should remain separate.
00:25:35.93\00:25:39.50
May we defend the
freedom of those we agree with
00:25:39.53\00:25:42.47
and those we
disagree with for freedom,
00:25:42.50\00:25:45.04
religious freedom
00:25:45.07\00:25:46.41
is something that
God wants for everyone.
00:25:46.44\00:25:48.84