Lux Lucet in Tenebris.
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Light shines in darkness.
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The Waldensian Motto
can be found inscribed
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in all the
valley churches today.
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It serves as a silent reminder
of their faithful and often
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blood-stained witness
down through the centuries.
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However, the prophetic symbol
of the woman in the wilderness
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applied not only
to the Waldenses,
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it included all those whose
faith in God and in His Word
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set them against the
corruptions and false teachings
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of the professing church.
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A year before
Luther nailed his thesis
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to the castle church
door, the Reformation
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began in
Switzerland with the preaching
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of Ulric Zwingli.
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He spoke out against
the sale of indulgences
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and other papal abuses,
and taught that salvation
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comes through
faith in Christ alone.
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But it wasn't from Luther
that he learned these things.
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It was through his
study of Scripture.
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In the German
states, Luther towered
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above all his fellow Reformers.
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But in the Swiss
cantons, many Godly men
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became champions of the faith.
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Several of the outstanding
leaders are remembered here
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at the Reformation
monument in Geneva.
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William Farel, called by some
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the Luther of
French Switzerland,
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John Calvin and Theodore Beza,
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Calvin's
successor and biographer.
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Calvin was born in France
and was led to the Reform faith
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by his cousin, Peter Olivetan,
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who was later to
translate the Bible into French
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for the Waldenses.
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At the age of 25,
Calvin went to Basel
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in Switzerland.
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There he completed and published
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what was probably
the most influential
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single volume of the
Protestant Reformation,
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"The Institution of
the Christian Religion. "
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His aim was to set
out the great teachings
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of the Christian faith
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as he believed they were
before they had been corrupted
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by the Church of Rome.
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In 1536, Calvin was appointed
Pastor and Professor in Geneva.
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St. Peter's
Cathedral became his pulpit.
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But his words were not limited
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to the confines
of this building.
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During the last
25 years of his life,
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Calvin attempted to make Geneva
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a model city of
Christianity and practice.
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Under his influence,
Geneva became a center
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for the
reformed faith in Europe.
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He also
established a college in Geneva
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which attracted
students from all over Europe.
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On completion of their studies,
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they returned to
their homelands to scatter
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the principles
of the Reformation.
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One such student, who came
as a refugee from Scotland,
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was John Knox.
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He became a close friend
and ardent disciple of Calvin.
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Like Paul of old at
the stoning of Stephen,
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John Knox was
directed to his lifework
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by the martyrdom of the
Scottish gospel preacher,
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George Wishart.
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Here in the front of
the Castle of St. Andrews,
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the letters, "GW"
mark the spot where Wishart
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was burned at the stake in 1546.
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Later, Knox returned
to Scotland and came here
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to St. Andrews,
which in the 16th century
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was the ecclesiastical
center of Scotland.
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Its cathedral was
one of the largest
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in all Christendom.
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Within a year, the castle's
inhabitants had invited Knox
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to become their preacher.
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Early in 1547, he
preached his first sermon here
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in the Parish
Church of St. Andrews.
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It was to mark the beginning
of the Reformation in Scotland.
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It is no coincidence
that Knox took as his text
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the 7th chapter of
the book of Daniel.
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At the beginning of his
sermon, he showed the great love
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of God for His people.
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In warning them
in advance of dangers
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that would threaten the church.
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He identified the four
beasts as the four great empires
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of Babylon,
Persia, Greece and Rome.
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And then spoke of
the little horn power
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to follow, which He identified
as the Papal antichrist.
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In so doing, Knox firmly
placed himself in the line
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of great reformers
like Wycliffe, Hus, Luther,
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Calvin and many others,
who had declared the same.
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Some 13 years later,
the Scottish parliament
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met at the Tollbooth.
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Its site was over
there, adjacent to the Church
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of St. Giles in
Edinburgh, where John Knox
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was the preacher.
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- church bells ringing -
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Six Scottish reformers, who
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by remarkable coincidence,
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each bore the
Christian name of John,
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had drawn up a
confession of faith
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which was formerly
adopted by the parliament
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in August, 1516.
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The Mass was forbidden
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and the Protestant faith
was established in Scotland.
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However, the new
monarch, Mary, Queen of Scots,
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with her strong
Roman Catholic background,
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had other plans.
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When she ordered
the celebration of Mass,
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Knox thundered his
objections from the pulpit,
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here at St. Giles Cathedral.
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Queen Mary summoned
Knox to appear before her
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at Holyrood Palace,
not far from St. Giles.
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Mary, like other monarchs
of her day, believed she ruled
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by divine right and that
the consciences of her people
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were subject to her control.
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The confrontation between
Mary and Knox was therefore
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crucial to the survival of
the Reformation in Scotland.
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Mary: You have
taught the people to receive
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another religion than
that which their princes allow.
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But God commands
subjects to obey their prince.
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Madam, right religion
received neither its origin
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nor its authority from princes
or from the Eternal God alone.
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So subjects are not
bound to frame their religion
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according to the tastes
of princes, for after all,
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it is the princes of all
others are the most ignorant
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of God's true religion.
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Aye, but yours is not the kirk
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I'll acknowledge.
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I will defend the Kirk
of Rome, for it is, I think,
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the true kirk of God.
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Your will, Madam, is no reason;
neither dotheth it make that
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Roman harlot the
true and immaculate spouse
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of Jesus Christ.
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The Kirk of Rome is
declined from that religion
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that the Apostles
taught and planted.
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My conscience is not so.
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Conscience, Madam,
requires knowledge;
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and that right
knowledge I fear ye have none.
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You interpret the
Scriptures in one way,
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and they
interpret it in another.
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Whom shall I believe?
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And who shall be judge?
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Ye shall believe God
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who plainly
speaketh in His Word.
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If in any one
place there be obscurity,
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the Holy Ghost explains the same
more clearly in other places;
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so that there
can remain no doubt,
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but unto such as are
obstinately ignorant.
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Luther before
Charles V at Worms,
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and Knox before
Queen Mary of Holyrood
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were among the most dramatic
moments in the Reformation.
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In both instances,
victory went to individuals
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who had an
overwhelming faith in God
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and in the truth of His cause.
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The spiritual conflict continued
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in all the lands of
Europe in the 16th century.
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In England, the
former Reformation which came
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with Henry VIII's
break with Rome in 1534
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was largely political.
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But in the years that followed,
men arose who were determined
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to bring the church in
England back to the principles
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of the Bible.
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It was not to be
without fierce opposition.
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Henry's daughter, Mary Tudor,
came to the throne in 1553
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and immediately set
about returning England
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to the Roman church.
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During her five year
reign, some 300 Protestants
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were burnt at the stake.
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John's description of the church
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from the time of
the Cross onwards
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portrays God's people
being accused by Satan
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and enduring great
suffering, even unto death.
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Here, in the church
yard, is the Martyrs Memorial.
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It records the death of some
18,000 martyrs for Jesus Christ.
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About a hundred of them
were executed in Edinburgh,
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and most of
them are buried here.
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But then, John goes on to
add these triumphant words
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in Revelation 12:11...
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"They overcame him
by the blood of the Lamb
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and by the word
of their testimony;
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they did not love their lives
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so much as to
shrink from death. "
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There were three men in England
whose martyrdom may represent
00:10:07.19\00:10:11.18
all those who did
not shrink from death
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during the long
years of persecution.
00:10:13.67\00:10:16.08
In Oxford, stands the Martyr's
Memorial to Nicholas Ridley,
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Bishop of London.
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Hugh Latimer, a
chaplain to Henry VIII,
00:10:29.21\00:10:31.80
and Thomas Cranmer, the first
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Protestant
archbishop of Canterbury.
00:10:34.60\00:10:36.79
All three died at the
stake, erected in Broad Street,
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at the spot marked by this cross
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just opposite Balliol
College, where John Wycliffe
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had taught nearly
200 years earlier.
00:10:48.31\00:10:50.51
- Cars honking -
00:10:50.54\00:10:52.11
In Oxford town,
the faggots they piled
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With furious haste
and with curses wild
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Around two brave souls
who could keep their tryst
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Through a pathway of
fire to follow Christ.
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And the flames lept
up but the blinding smoke
00:11:05.30\00:11:09.17
Could not the soul
of Hugh Latimer choke.
00:11:09.20\00:11:11.49
But that he, Brother
Ridley, be of good cheer.
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A candle in
England is lighted here
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Which, by grace of
God, shall never go out.
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And that speech in
whispers was echoed about.
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Latimer's light
shall never go out
00:11:23.81\00:11:26.25
However the winds
may blow it about.
00:11:26.28\00:11:28.09
Latimer's light has come to stay
00:11:28.12\00:11:30.39
Till the clump of a
coming Judgment Day.
00:11:30.42\00:11:35.92
And so it was to be.
00:11:44.38\00:11:45.56
Within three
years, Mary Tudor was dead
00:11:45.59\00:11:48.57
and Queen Elizabeth I
had ascended the throne
00:11:48.60\00:11:51.97
ushering in the dawn
of England's Golden Age.
00:11:52.00\00:11:55.71
She determined to return
England to her father's ways
00:11:55.98\00:11:59.76
and with such diligence,
00:11:59.79\00:12:01.78
that the
Catholic powers of Europe
00:12:01.81\00:12:03.75
began to plot her downfall.
00:12:03.78\00:12:05.52
Philip II, son of
Charles V, prepared
00:12:09.23\00:12:12.51
the greatest invasion
force the world had ever seen -
00:12:12.54\00:12:15.73
The Spanish Armada.
00:12:15.76\00:12:17.91
Late in July 1588, the watchers
00:12:19.53\00:12:22.54
along the high
ground above Plymouth Harbor
00:12:22.57\00:12:24.84
caught their first
glimpse of the 130 vessels
00:12:24.87\00:12:28.01
sailing up the channel.
00:12:28.04\00:12:29.41
Under the leadership
of Sir Francis Drake,
00:12:30.50\00:12:32.24
the English fleet put to
sea and engaged the enemy
00:12:32.27\00:12:35.57
though vastly
outnumbered and outgunned.
00:12:35.60\00:12:38.42
In a series of
battles over the next 10 days,
00:12:41.34\00:12:43.51
the smaller English
ships caused great havoc
00:12:43.54\00:12:46.56
amongst Spain's
cumbersome galleons.
00:12:46.59\00:12:48.74
- Cannons firing -
00:12:48.77\00:12:49.74
Desperately seeking to get
clear of the English attacks,
00:12:49.75\00:12:52.28
the disorganized
armada headed for the open sea
00:12:52.31\00:12:55.68
only to be struck by
one of the fiercest storms
00:12:55.71\00:12:58.84
in maritime history.
00:12:58.87\00:13:00.56
- Winds howling and the
sounds of waves crashing -
00:13:04.49\00:13:07.09
Whirled along
the coast of Norway,
00:13:08.19\00:13:10.00
dashed against the
rocks of the Shetlands,
00:13:10.03\00:13:12.67
the Orkneys, and the Hebrides
00:13:12.70\00:13:14.28
and swept back
south toward Ireland;
00:13:14.31\00:13:16.68
it was an
armada that was fleeing
00:13:16.71\00:13:18.87
though no man was pursuing.
00:13:18.90\00:13:20.74
Of the 30,000 men
aboard, scarcely 10,000
00:13:22.86\00:13:26.30
returned to Spain.
00:13:26.33\00:13:27.95
Philip II and the
Catholic kingdoms were stunned.
00:13:27.99\00:13:31.55
- Band music playing -
00:13:31.96\00:13:35.24
But the Protestant states joined
00:13:38.78\00:13:40.80
in a chorus of Thanksgiving.
00:13:40.83\00:13:42.37
At Queen Elizabeth's
command, the 29th of November
00:13:42.40\00:13:45.76
was set aside as a day
to render thanks unto God.
00:13:45.79\00:13:49.48
The Queen, herself
rode through the streets
00:13:49.55\00:13:51.97
of London to St.
Paul's Cathedral,
00:13:52.00\00:13:53.77
and hence to Paul's cross.
00:13:53.80\00:13:55.84
After the sermon, she
addressed her subjects
00:13:56.10\00:13:59.24
exhorting to them to
join her in praising God
00:13:59.27\00:14:02.16
who had scattered her
enemies and protected her realm.
00:14:02.19\00:14:05.88
Here in
Plymouth, on the monument
00:14:14.91\00:14:16.83
commemorating a
sighting of the armada,
00:14:16.86\00:14:18.70
these cryptic words
have been inscribed,
00:14:18.73\00:14:22.15
He blew with his winds
and they were scattered.
00:14:22.18\00:14:27.15
The departure of the Mayflower,
in 1620, from Plymouth, England
00:14:28.79\00:14:33.45
with all these people on board,
was a far cry from the events
00:14:33.48\00:14:37.64
of 1588 when the
Spanish Armada sailed by.
00:14:37.67\00:14:40.78
Yet it too is
related to the saga
00:14:41.27\00:14:44.05
of the woman
clothed with the Sun.
00:14:44.08\00:14:46.35
During the latter part
of Queen Elizabeth's reign,
00:14:52.44\00:14:54.38
the population was
divided between those
00:14:54.41\00:14:56.98
who remained loyal
00:14:57.01\00:14:58.04
to the official
Church of England,
00:14:58.07\00:14:59.47
and those who desired
the Reformation of the Church
00:14:59.50\00:15:02.47
to continue based upon
the authority of Scripture.
00:15:02.50\00:15:05.58
Known as
Puritans and Separatists,
00:15:05.95\00:15:09.05
these non-conformists
were eventually persecuted
00:15:09.08\00:15:12.68
for their beliefs and
many immigrated to Holland.
00:15:12.71\00:15:15.61
Among these were
the Pilgrim fathers
00:15:16.80\00:15:18.49
who sailed aboard the
Mayflower from Holland
00:15:18.52\00:15:21.14
via Plymouth Harbor,
bound for the New World.
00:15:21.17\00:15:24.37
When the Puritans
00:15:25.60\00:15:26.75
first separated
from the English Church,
00:15:26.78\00:15:28.45
they had solemnly
covenanted to walk together
00:15:28.48\00:15:31.73
in all God's Ways
made known to them
00:15:31.76\00:15:34.29
or to be made known.
00:15:34.32\00:15:35.85
Here was the vital
principle of Protestantism.
00:15:36.18\00:15:39.46
- "The Star
Spangled Banner" playing -
00:15:39.49\00:15:44.97
Before they sailed
from Holland in 1620,
00:15:45.96\00:15:48.14
their pastor, John Robinson,
delivered his farewell sermon.
00:15:48.17\00:15:51.49
He pointed out that
the followers of Luther,
00:15:51.72\00:15:54.59
Knox and Calvin had settled
on the teachings of these men
00:15:54.62\00:15:58.12
as if they were
the sum of all truth.
00:15:58.15\00:15:59.99
Speaking of the
reformers, Robinson said,
00:16:00.06\00:16:03.08
They penetrated not into
the whole counsel of God,
00:16:03.11\00:16:06.73
but, were they now living,
00:16:06.76\00:16:08.58
would be as willing to
embrace further light as that
00:16:08.61\00:16:11.94
which they first received.
00:16:11.97\00:16:13.63
If God should reveal
anything to you by any other
00:16:13.66\00:16:16.98
instrument of His,
be ready to receive it.
00:16:17.01\00:16:20.17
But I am very confident
00:16:20.20\00:16:21.90
the Lord hath
more truth and light,
00:16:21.93\00:16:24.72
yet to break forth
from His Holy Word.
00:16:24.75\00:16:28.42
Little could he have understood
00:16:30.80\00:16:32.42
the real
significance of his words.
00:16:32.45\00:16:34.51
- Seagulls calling -
00:16:34.77\00:16:36.17
More truths were indeed to
break forth from God's Word
00:16:37.55\00:16:40.01
and the Puritans had
a vital part to play.
00:16:40.04\00:16:43.17
The Pilgrim fathers
stepped ashore at Plymouth Rock
00:16:44.04\00:16:46.72
on December the 21st, 1620.
00:16:46.75\00:16:49.64
They were the
first of many thousands
00:16:50.11\00:16:52.11
of 17th century Puritans
who immigrated to the New World,
00:16:52.14\00:16:55.53
and brought with them
beliefs, which in due time,
00:16:55.56\00:16:59.27
would contribute to the
rise of a religious movement
00:16:59.30\00:17:02.08
that would encircle the world.
00:17:02.11\00:17:04.31
According to the
prophecy in Daniel 7,
00:17:05.74\00:17:07.60
the little horn power
would be supreme in Europe
00:17:07.63\00:17:10.75
for 1,260 years.
00:17:10.78\00:17:12.71
At the end of that period,
extending from 538 to 1798,
00:17:12.87\00:17:18.15
events would
temporarily end this supremacy.
00:17:18.18\00:17:22.12
Right on time, in February 1798,
00:17:23.22\00:17:25.77
General Berthier's
French army entered Rome,
00:17:25.80\00:17:28.58
took the Pope prisoner
00:17:28.62\00:17:30.08
and greatly reduced
00:17:30.11\00:17:31.50
the authority and
power of the Papacy.
00:17:31.54\00:17:33.51
Likewise in John's
prophecy in Revelation 12,
00:17:35.19\00:17:37.80
the Woman clothed with
Sun, would be in the wilderness
00:17:37.83\00:17:41.59
for 1,260 years.
00:17:41.62\00:17:43.28
After 1798, a movement
teaching the same great truths
00:17:43.36\00:17:48.76
taught by the apostles,
prophets and early Christians
00:17:48.79\00:17:51.78
was to emerge.
00:17:51.81\00:17:53.68
The great truths, such
as salvation by God's grace
00:17:55.85\00:17:59.00
through faith in Christ alone,
00:17:59.03\00:18:00.92
the high priestly
ministry of Christ,
00:18:00.95\00:18:03.52
the royal
priesthood of all believers,
00:18:03.55\00:18:06.41
obedience to all
the commandments of God,
00:18:06.44\00:18:09.21
believer's baptism, and the
00:18:09.24\00:18:12.63
sufficiency and authority
of Scripture above tradition
00:18:12.66\00:18:15.28
were among those
taught in the early church.
00:18:15.31\00:18:18.59
Such teachings, lost by
many through the great apostasy,
00:18:18.70\00:18:23.17
were to be restored
and proclaimed to the world
00:18:23.20\00:18:25.88
in its final judgment hour.
00:18:25.91\00:18:28.65
Jesus said that the
Gospel must be preached
00:18:28.83\00:18:32.04
in all the world and
then shall the end come.
00:18:32.07\00:18:34.79
The climax of the long-standing
conflict between Christ
00:18:36.22\00:18:39.00
and Satan is
described in Revelation 12:17...
00:18:39.03\00:18:43.07
And the dragon was
wroth with the woman,
00:18:43.29\00:18:46.09
and went to make war
with the remnant of her seed
00:18:46.12\00:18:49.26
which keep the
commandments of God,
00:18:49.29\00:18:51.36
and have the testimony of Jesus.
00:18:51.39\00:18:53.84
The Biblical concept of remnant
is a group of people in any age,
00:18:59.00\00:19:02.84
who have survived
calamity and are loyal to God
00:19:02.87\00:19:05.99
and the principles of His Word,
00:19:06.02\00:19:07.81
in a time of apostasy.
00:19:07.84\00:19:09.68
However, the
setting of Revelation 12:17
00:19:09.78\00:19:13.17
makes it clear that
the remnant of this verse
00:19:13.20\00:19:15.46
refers to the
spiritual descendants
00:19:15.49\00:19:18.25
of the Woman in
the time of the end -
00:19:18.28\00:19:20.01
that is, after 1798.
00:19:20.04\00:19:22.79
They are the spiritual heirs
of the long and worthy line
00:19:22.92\00:19:26.31
of God's chosen
people, who had survived
00:19:26.34\00:19:28.78
the fierce
onslaughts of the dragon
00:19:28.81\00:19:30.72
down through history.
00:19:30.75\00:19:32.52
The work of the Reformation
then did not end with Luther,
00:19:41.06\00:19:44.36
Knox, the Puritans, or
00:19:44.39\00:19:47.03
with the Pilgrim Fathers
setting sail for the New World.
00:19:47.06\00:19:49.62
It is an ongoing process.
00:19:49.70\00:19:51.91
And its next phase points us
00:19:51.94\00:19:53.97
to early 19th century
America, and to the rise
00:19:54.00\00:19:57.40
of a prophetic
movement that rapidly captured
00:19:57.43\00:20:00.32
the attention of
many around the world.
00:20:00.35\00:20:02.95