Participants: Agatha Thrash (Host), Don Miller
Series Code: HYTH
Program Code: HYTH000212
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00:01 I'm constantly amazed as I go from place to place
00:04 to find the number of remedies that people tell me about. 00:08 Remedies that sometimes are rather strange, 00:12 but sometimes they are very interesting, very common, 00:17 using something that is inexpensive 00:20 and very easy to obtain. 00:22 Charcoal is one of those remedies 00:24 and while I've known about charcoal for several decades, 00:27 I constantly find people who are using it in different ways. 00:32 We would like to tell you some of these ways that we have found 00:36 to use charcoal, and we hope this will be of help to you 00:39 We hope you will stay with us during this program. 01:01 Welcome to Help Yourself To Health with Dr. Agatha Thrash. 01:05 of Uchee Pines Institute, and now here is you host Dr. Thrash. 01:10 Charcoal is not only inexpensive, 01:14 it just lasts forever, you can put it in storage, 01:17 and it just never goes bad. 01:19 In fact if you keep it nice and dry 01:21 you keep it away from various things that it might absorb 01:27 it should be an heirloom, and you can pass it down 01:30 to your children. 01:31 But there are some things that make charcoal not a very good 01:38 thing for us, and the fact that it is messy and black, 01:43 is one of those things. 01:45 Dr. Don Miller is going to talk with us a little bit about 01:49 some of the things having to do with the 01:51 acquisition of charcoal. 01:53 What can you tell us about this thing with charcoal, 01:56 did you just suddenly find out about it on your own one day? 02:01 - No I heard it from a pharmaceutical company. 02:04 - I'm sure. 02:07 - No it wasn't from a pharmaceutical company. 02:11 I believe that the great pharmacist, the great doctor, 02:14 the great physician, the Great Creator, 02:17 puts something in nature, knowing the condition that we 02:21 would be in towards the end of the days. 02:23 Not just the end of the days, we've been using this treatment 02:26 for hundreds and thousands of years. 02:28 I believe that God has placed something special in charcoal 02:32 that we can use for many, many different things. 02:36 It's extremely available. 02:37 I hate my home with wood, I've got a stand alone fireplace, 02:42 I put my wood in, I damp it down at night time. 02:46 In the morning I open it up, and if I leave it down, like 02:48 before I left on this trip, I had a nice fire going, 02:51 damped it down, when I go back and open it up, 02:53 I'm going to have charcoal, nice pieces of charcoal 02:56 in my fireplace. 02:58 I can do it in other ways, and I'll tell you how to make 03:00 charcoal a little bit later. 03:02 But it's also readily available in other places. 03:04 No matter where I go in the world, 03:06 I find there's charcoal there, especially in the developing 03:09 countries, in Africa, in India, that's how they cook. 03:13 You will find people selling charcoal for the very purpose 03:16 of cooking, but this good charcoal. 03:17 In America you wouldn't want to go to the store and buy 03:21 some charcoal briquettes because they've got fillers, 03:23 and things to help them burn better, 03:25 but you just buy this charcoal... 03:27 I was treating a man in India one time with it, 03:29 and it worked very very nicely. 03:30 You know when we have all these forest fires, 03:33 in different parts of the world, we've had many here 03:36 in the United States, that charcoal can be very helpful 03:39 in other things. 03:40 I heard of a case not long ago, of them taking the trees 03:44 that had been charred by the fires, and had a lot of charcoal 03:48 laying around, and started piling it at the base of other 03:51 trees in other areas, that were dying from some unknown reason, 03:55 acid rain, some type of a blight, and they find 03:58 that the charcoal piled around the base of the tree, 04:01 is restoring them to health. 04:03 So God gave us charcoal, not just for the benefit of man, 04:06 but for all of his nature. 04:08 It is a very very nice treatment. 04:10 Whereas we are not going to talk about 101 treatments today 04:13 because there is a whole lot more than that. 04:15 There are many, many more and we're going to talk 04:17 about some of these, Dr. Thrash do you have some more? 04:19 - Well I have one thing that I would like to say 04:21 about the drawbacks of charcoal. 04:24 When I talk about drugs, I have some drawbacks that are 04:29 sometimes even life threatening, but apart from 04:33 an accident when you might fall face down in charcoal powder, 04:37 there aren't a lot of drawbacks that are threatening 04:41 to your health. 04:42 But there are some drawbacks in the use of charcoal, 04:45 one is that of mixing it with water. 04:47 When you try to mix charcoal with water, 04:49 you find that it is an extremely light powder, 04:53 even getting from the canister into a glass of water 04:56 sometimes gives you a lot of problems. 05:01 You may spill a little bit on the way, or you may have 05:04 some problem in stirring it up, as you begin to stir 05:07 if you stir to fast, it's going to be all over, 05:11 because it is such a light powder, 05:12 it just becomes airborne immediately. 05:15 In order to make it more easily mixable with water, 05:21 just mix something like flax seed with it, or some Sorbitol 05:27 with it, it is sometimes mixed with Sorbitol in emergency rooms 05:31 to make patients who are poisoned, 05:33 find it more acceptable. 05:35 But if you mix it with that, you can much more easily 05:39 stir it up, but one of the best ways to mix it 05:42 is to put it with the water in a little jar with a screw cap 05:46 put it on quite tightly and just shake it back and forth 05:50 this way, and it will much more get easily wet. 05:53 It's the getting of it wet, that's the thing 05:56 it's certainly not a good wetting agent. 06:00 Another of it's drawbacks is that children 06:04 don't tend to like it. 06:05 They don't like the fact that it is black, 06:07 they don't like the fact that it has a consistency in the mouth 06:11 that they don't like. 06:13 But for small children, you are trying to get one to take 06:17 the charcoal, they simply look at it and decide 06:21 "that's not for me. " 06:22 So then ensues a struggle with the mother, 06:24 but if you will just call Grandmother, 06:27 Grandmothers know how to get children 06:30 to take charcoal, or any other kind of thing 06:32 they don't want to take down. 06:33 It generally means that you need to hold the head still 06:38 and that can be done by putting both arms 06:41 right above the ears, and fixing the head with that, 06:46 in fact with a child you can bring their forearms 06:50 over the head, and that fixes the head, 06:53 so that they can't move. 06:55 One person can usually do that with the head fixed in that way. 07:00 Then another person holds the body down, 07:03 and Grandmother stirs the charcoal, 07:06 and puts it by the spoonful into the child's mouth. 07:09 For a little older child, if they are accustomed to drinking 07:14 things from a straw, if you've got an opaque container 07:18 of some kind, and you put a straw in it, 07:20 and put a cover on it so that they can't see that it's black 07:24 and unpleasant looking, hand it to them and tell them 07:27 to drink this down, now if you've got a little fruit juice 07:30 mixed with it, that will often make it much more acceptable 07:33 to the child. 07:34 These are some things that will help to relieve 07:39 these not very good ways of handling charcoal. 07:44 But so far as any drawbacks in the body, 07:47 the only one that we have really, is that it does slow 07:51 down the bowels a little, so that a bowel movement 07:55 is a little more sluggish than is normal. 07:58 Some people will try to get over that drawback 08:02 by mixing a little magnesium sulfate, or Epsom salts 08:07 with it, and in this way make it so that the person 08:11 can get it through the intestinal tract 08:14 a little quicker. 08:15 Unfortunately with the Epsom salts, you mix it with water, 08:19 and then it doesn't taste good. 08:21 So you've got two things that are unpleasant, 08:23 the charcoal, and the Epsom salts. 08:25 You can just put the Epsom salts on the back of the tongue, 08:31 swallow that down with a little water, and then 08:33 drink the charcoal in the water. 08:35 Don't let it enter your mind that you can take that 08:39 charcoal powder just dry. 08:41 It can be done, but it requires a determination to do it, 08:48 and you can only take it in very small quantities. 08:51 One time I was in Mexico, and needed to take some charcoal, 08:56 for a little food poisoning that I had gotten, 08:59 and I managed to get some down dry by taking 09:05 very small quantities and mixing it with saliva, 09:08 and then swallowing it down. 09:10 But most of the time remember that charcoal needs to be mixed 09:14 with a goodly quantity of water. 09:16 The more water you have, the easier it is to pass through 09:20 the intestinal tract. 09:22 Now Don Miller is going to talk to you about another 09:26 of the wonderful properties of charcoal, 09:28 just wonderful properties, 09:30 and that's it's deodorizing properties, Dr. Miller. 09:34 - Thank you. You know we were going to 09:36 Ukraine, I think it was 1995 Dr. Thrash, 09:38 a small team from Uchee Pines, we left one morning is a van, 09:42 we had our food with us, and we drove all the way up to 09:45 Washington area, we spent the night and left the next day. 09:49 What we are going to do is leave the van there, 09:51 and then I would come back a couple of months later 09:55 and drive the van back, they would have come back 09:57 a month and a half earlier than I did. 10:00 Made a mistake, when I took the van..., 10:04 someone else drove us to the airport, 10:06 so they could take the van back to an area, 10:08 I still had my cooler in the van, with food in it. 10:13 We left for Ukraine as I remember, around the 14th 10:17 of June, I got back the very end of August. 10:20 I get into the van, I open up my cooler, 10:24 and you can imagine what it was like for the cooler 10:27 to be sitting through the hot summer months 10:30 in Washington area, in Maryland, the northern Virginia 10:33 area for that period of time. 10:35 It was putrid, inside that cooler, I had to dump it 10:39 and put the lid right back on, it smelled so bad. 10:42 I took it home I scrubbed it, I used all kinds of cleaners, 10:46 nothing I could do would get that smell, 10:49 that smell had permeated the plastic, completely filling 10:53 this cooler with the smell. 10:55 Finally I got the idea, and I got a container, 11:00 and I dumped some charcoal in it, I sat it down 11:03 in the bottom of the cooler, put the lid on, 11:06 and left it there for quite some time. 11:07 After that was done, I took the lid off, 11:10 I took the charcoal out, and the cooler smelled perfectly 11:13 normal again. 11:14 I do this every once in awhile, and now when I travel 11:18 with my cooler, I will take a salt shaker 11:21 I will put some charcoal in the salt shaker, put the lid on 11:24 and I will place this in the cooler, 11:26 just to take up any smells that might be emanating 11:29 from the foods, so that I don't have anything 11:32 that cross contaminates as far as smells, 11:34 that's a very nice idea. 11:35 I meant to mention earlier when I was talking about 11:39 the divine properties of charcoal, 11:41 God has made it in such a way that it takes up 11:44 just the bad guys. 11:45 In saying that, one of the other drawbacks that Dr. Thrash 11:51 did not mention in charcoal, is that it will take up 11:54 medications, because it recognizes these things as 11:58 foreign poisons in the body, 12:00 so if you are taking blood pressure medications 12:02 which are synthetic somehow, rather than taking 12:06 a natural product, the charcoal will take up that medication. 12:11 The same thing for heart medication, 12:12 the same thing for medicine for epilepsy 12:15 and so if you are going to be taking medications, 12:18 and you receive some type of a food poisoning, 12:21 we're not saying don't take charcoal, 12:23 but you might want to take it at least two hours 12:27 or the time it takes for the drug that you are taking 12:30 to be absorbed by your body, 12:32 and then you want to take the charcoal so that it can absorb 12:35 the properties of whatever is giving your stomach upset, 12:40 your food poisoning, or whatever. 12:42 One time I was in Dr. Thrash's office there at Uchee Pines, 12:49 I had been working underneath the office 12:53 shoring up part of the floor that for some reason, 12:55 was starting to sag, I came back out, and left it open. 12:59 Well some days later I came by and said uh oh, 13:02 I left the door open, so I put a piece of something 13:04 in front of that, and put some weight up against it, 13:07 to keep animals from going in there. 13:09 The trouble was, I did not check underneath there 13:11 to make sure that an animal had not already 13:14 gone underneath there. 13:15 Well, about two weeks later, Dr. Thrash's son, 13:19 who's office was also in this building, started complaining 13:22 about a pretty bad smell, and I knew what had happened 13:25 so I said Cal, don't you worry about it, 13:28 it's my fault I'll do it. 13:30 I went underneath there and a wild animal had been underneath 13:35 there and had expired, thankfully on top 13:38 of a piece of roofing, so I was able to drag it out 13:43 but it still smelled absolutely horrible just to get underneath 13:46 there, I didn't want to smell it, 13:47 so I took a piece of cloth I sprinkled charcoal on it, 13:51 I rolled it up and I placed it as a mask over my nose 13:54 so I really couldn't smell while I was under there. 13:56 Then I went back under after I had the animal out, 13:59 took a jar of charcoal, and just sort of threw it, 14:02 just sort of whoosh, this big black cloud over the area 14:06 where the animal was, and the next day you could not smell it. 14:08 It's a great absorptive of odors that are in the air, 14:12 so if you have any smelly area, I suggest you take a salt shaker 14:16 with charcoal and keep it in your refrigerator. 14:18 If you have a child that always keeps his smelly sneakers 14:23 in the closet, put a container of charcoal in there, 14:26 it will take up these odors, any place that you have an odor 14:29 problem it will take up the odor. 14:31 How about bad breath, take a toothbrush, get it wet, 14:35 dip it in some charcoal, brush your teeth, 14:37 again it will take up the odors that are in your mouth, 14:40 and then rather than spitting it out, swallow it, 14:42 if you have any other problems going down the line 14:45 it will help take up things that are causing bad odors, 14:47 so I think one of the great properties Dr. Thrash, 14:51 of charcoal is the fact that it absorbs odors. 14:54 - Yes, and I was just looking at the great list of things 14:58 that are already known that charcoal takes up, 15:01 we have this little book called RX Charcoal, 15:06 which is the clinical uses of charcoal, 15:09 and on certain occasions it is necessary to find out 15:15 just what can be absorbed by charcoal. 15:18 I was just looking here and I found two columns 15:22 here of chemicals that can be taken up by charcoal. 15:28 The very first one on the list is acetaminophen or Tylenol. 15:32 People often take Tylenol enough to become intoxicated 15:37 with it, and when they do the treatment of choice 15:40 probably is that of charcoal because it so readily takes up 15:45 Tylenol. 15:46 But then a lot of other things narcotics and arsenic, 15:51 aspirin, barbiturates just a host of things can be taken up 15:56 by charcoal. 15:57 Even a while after you have taken a poisonous substance 16:02 charcoal can still take it up from the intestinal tract, 16:06 in some instances. 16:07 I would like to draw on the board for you a little diagram 16:11 that will help you to see how it is, that charcoal helps 16:17 with the taking up of things that are already 16:20 in your blood stream. 16:21 Let's just say that this represents an intestinal villas 16:26 for you, here it is like this, it's in your intestinal tract, 16:33 and on the inside, there are all manner of little blood vessels 16:38 that supply blood to the area, to take up anything 16:44 that's inside the intestinal tract. 16:48 This is a normal pattern for the way that 16:52 an intestinal tract looks. 16:54 Now if you have charcoal, and I will just represent it 17:00 as this blue line here, you have taken it and the granules are 17:08 passing by in the intestinal tract, this is where 17:12 the food is going by, and here is the wall of the 17:16 intestinal tract here, as the charcoal goes by 17:20 of course things that are in the blood, 17:24 not only is the blood taking up things that are going this way, 17:30 but the blood is also oozing out this way. 17:34 So it usually comes out from the blood stream, 17:37 makes a circle around, comes back in having picked up 17:41 something that was in the intestinal tract, 17:44 nutrients, or drugs, or whatever. 17:46 So if you have charcoal here when this transit is made 17:50 from the bloodstream to the outside, to go back in again, 17:54 whatever is in the blood, can then be taken up 17:58 by the charcoal. 18:00 Essentially you can call this a mini dialysis, 18:04 so a person who has taken some kind of poison 18:08 or drug even hours ago, when the person takes the charcoal, 18:13 it will still remove from the blood, 18:16 a lot of the poisonous substance. 18:19 This is the kind of thing that we find in what we call 18:23 the micro dialysis function of charcoal. 18:27 You might wonder, is it possible for me to make 18:30 charcoal myself in my own home. 18:34 Dr. Miller mentioned the fact that it could be made 18:37 in the forest, or it could be made in his wood stove 18:41 but is there another way that you can make charcoal? 18:44 - Well, I'm going to say yes, and I'm going to say 18:46 about two ways, a good way and a bad way. 18:48 One, you can sit there and put your toast in your toaster 18:50 and turn it all the way up until it becomes black, 18:52 and you've made what you think is charcoal, 18:54 don't eat it, don't eat scorched food, 18:57 that is carcinogenic because it produces properties 19:01 when you scorch proteins and carbohydrates, and minerals 19:05 which are not healthy, but you can very easily make charcoal. 19:09 We are going to go back over the board 19:10 I've erased the intestinal tract here, and we're going 19:14 to do a very simple illustration. 19:17 What you do is you go out in your back yard 19:21 and you dig a hole, how big of a hole? 19:23 How much charcoal do you want? 19:25 I like to dig a rather large hole, and then inside the hole 19:29 I will stick some wood, you want to get some fresh wood, 19:32 you don't want to get wood that has been treated, 19:36 green wood, treated green wood, painted wood, shellacked wood, 19:41 you want to get wild wood, and you want to get it rather dry 19:44 you don't want to get wood that you just broke off 19:46 of a tree because it's going to have a hard time burning. 19:48 Then you fill this hole up with the wood, 19:50 and then you set it on fire, get a good fire burning, 19:54 I mean a really good fire burning, until you have 19:56 a good layer of hot coals at the bottom, 19:59 still fire going, and you build a fire up until you have a 20:02 blazing fire going well consuming the wood. 20:05 If you keep it going, it will completely consume or 20:08 almost completely consume the wood. 20:10 When you know that you have this wood extremely well ignited, 20:14 not just burning a little bit, but really going well, 20:17 what you want to do is find some type of covering 20:21 to cover this hole with. 20:23 You can use a piece of tin, a hood of an old car, 20:27 something that will cover the hole completely 20:30 to block off the air. 20:31 Then what I will normally do, is I will pile the dirt 20:36 that I took out of the hole, on top of this thing, 20:39 it will sort of insulate it, and keep the heat inside. 20:42 You need three things to have a fire: 20:44 One you need fuel, you've got your fuel in your wood. 20:50 You also need oxygen, and you had that in there 20:54 when you started the fire. 20:56 You also need heat, which you got when you started the fire. 20:59 As your wood is in there, it will start to consume the oxygen 21:04 quite frankly, do it quite quickly, but the heat is so high 21:07 it will still continue to eat away at the wood 21:10 I would leave it here for at least a day, if not two days 21:13 depending on how big your fire was, at the end of this time, 21:16 you come out and you lift up this piece of metal 21:19 and just throw everything to the side, 21:20 and inside you should have some very nice charcoal. 21:24 It should be very light, the lighter the better, 21:26 because that means that it is more fully consumed. 21:28 Often you will find pieces in there that still have white wood 21:33 inside, just take the outside, but you don't want to get 21:36 down where it is sort of hard to have to dig it off, 21:38 you want stuff that is pure light charcoal. 21:41 You take this, you put it in a jar... 21:44 It's important that you put it into a jar, 21:46 because of the fact that charcoal is so absorptive 21:50 that it will start taking up odors, 21:52 and start taking up things as soon as you take the lid off. 21:55 You want to put it inside a jar, put a lid on tightly, 21:59 and save all of its surface area for the time when 22:03 you are going to need it for some other event, 22:05 like a gastrointestinal event, like a mouth..., 22:08 whatever you want to use it for. 22:10 You can powder at the first, or you can sit there and 22:13 powder it later on, whatever you want to do. 22:15 Powder it when you need it, powder it right away, 22:18 I would powder it right away 22:20 because you might need something..., 22:22 When it's time for charcoal, you need it right away. 22:24 So Dr. Thrash, I know you've had times when you needed 22:27 charcoal right now and it's good to have it ready to go. 22:30 - I always have charcoal on hand, charcoal is so needed, 22:35 and you need it right now. 22:37 Poison Control Centers, are listed in the book that we wrote 22:42 on the clinical uses of charcoal, and all of the 22:45 Regional Poison Control Centers in the United States, 22:49 are listed here in this little book. 22:52 There are seven of those, seven states, that have 22:55 Regional Poison Control Centers. 22:58 When I need to talk with poison control, 23:00 I usually call the regional center rather than 23:03 some of the local centers, because they are often 23:07 better manned, and you can get better information from that. 23:10 I mentioned that acetaminophen the treatment of choice 23:15 for that was charcoal, but if you call a local 23:19 Poison Control Center, they may tell you, 23:22 that there is a drug that is better for it, 23:24 and that's Mucomyst, so I don't usually call the local ones, 23:28 but I call the regional ones, I don't want my patient 23:31 to have to buy a drug if I can get by with it, 23:34 if charcoal is just as good and it is so inexpensive 23:37 that we should go that route if we can. 23:39 Now for other things, it's the treatment of choice, 23:43 like nausea and vomiting and diarrhea, 23:45 the treatment of choice is always charcoal 23:48 as a first aid measure, then later you may have to go 23:52 to something else. 23:53 There are also odors that develop in the mouth 23:56 because of one reason or other and Dr. Miller 24:00 is going to mention some of these now. 24:02 - Very easy to take care of those too. 24:04 Again, you take some charcoal... 24:07 You can do it two ways, you can just take charcoal, 24:09 wet your toothbrush, put it in the powder, and bush your teeth. 24:13 If you go to the store now days, and you've got a whole new 24:17 panorama of tooth whitening agents, 24:20 you can make these different things you can put 24:23 in your teeth, put it in there and leave it there for so long, 24:26 put strips on your teeth. 24:27 Why don't you just brush your teeth with charcoal? 24:29 Quite frankly while you are doing it, 24:31 it doesn't look like you are doing much 24:33 for whitening your teeth, 24:34 but it is a tooth whitener. 24:35 It is very mildly abrasive, it can clean your teeth 24:39 quite nicely. 24:40 Another way you can do it is, take some charcoal, 24:43 mix it with some water, to make a little paste 24:46 and you can put that on there just like toothpaste, 24:48 and you can brush your teeth. 24:50 Besides the whitening effect, because the charcoal 24:52 is absorbing odors, it can do very nicely 24:56 in taking up any odors that are in your mouth, 24:58 any pockets of infection, you would want 25:02 to do this if you have an infection in your mouth. 25:05 Brush your teeth at night with charcoal 25:07 and then don't spit it out, leave it in your mouth. 25:10 Leave a large amount of the paste down between 25:14 the cheeks and the gums, up above and below, 25:17 and during the night that will be pulling out. 25:19 If you have any types of problems like this 25:22 infection in your jaws, it's going to cause some odor. 25:26 Smelling between the teeth, if you have any decomposing 25:29 things between your teeth. 25:31 There's a good way to find out pretty much what your breath 25:33 smells like, you can't sit there and go whoosh, 25:36 some people breathe into their hand, 25:37 all you are smelling is your hand. 25:39 Get yourself a pine needle, a tooth pick, a brush pick, 25:45 or even a piece of your dental floss, floss between the tooth 25:49 bring it out and then smell it, 25:50 that's what your breath smells like. 25:52 If it smells bad, charcoal outside will help 25:56 take up that odor. 25:57 It will also help you with any type of throat infections, 26:00 and any types of problems back in your throat, 26:02 that could also be causing some dis-odor. 26:04 So put this in your mouth and it will help clean up 26:09 the infections, it will help clear out the problems, 26:11 whiten the teeth, and then swallow the whole thing 26:14 in the morning, you have a good transit time marker, 26:16 clean out your system, see if you have any 26:18 problems down there. 26:20 Some nice things to do with charcoal, 26:21 there's probably a whole lot more you can do in the mouth 26:24 but that should be enough for right now, 26:25 that's a mouthful for right now. 26:27 - Those are very good tips on what to do with charcoal 26:29 and the mouth, you can also swallow it as a detoxifying 26:34 agent if you think that you might have encountered 26:37 some kind of toxin, and it will take up most kinds of toxins 26:42 it just absorbs it and takes it out of the body 26:45 in a harmless way. 26:46 We learned one time a use for charcoal, in a very 26:49 accidental way. 26:51 We had a baby born at Uchee Pines 26:55 that developed very shortly the jaundice of the new born. 26:59 The little family were very poor, 27:02 they didn't have the money for all the exchange transfusions 27:07 and the testing that needed to be done. 27:10 But I felt that I could not handle the case unless 27:13 I could get a lab test every six hours, so we were going in 27:17 every six hours, finally the mother said don't you have any 27:20 thing here at this place that has natural remedies 27:23 that can help my baby, she wept when she said it 27:26 well honey the only thing that I can think of to try 27:30 is charcoal, and that day we learned something, 27:33 because the moment she started giving the baby charcoal 27:37 that very moment, the lab tests started correcting, 27:42 and we didn't have to do the exchange transfusion 27:45 on the baby, it was later that we learned 27:48 that standard medicine had also learned that little trick. 27:52 Wonderful medicine Charcoal. |
Revised 2014-12-17