Hello, and welcome to
Heaven's Point of View.
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We are doing a series on
love, marriage, sex, and divorce
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according to the New Testament.
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And our distinguished professor
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who is our
co-host for this program
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and the teacher of this program,
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I'm here as a
student, is Dr. Tom Sheperd.
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And, Tom, thank you
again for being here
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and doing this series.
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Glad to do.
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This is once again, a
series that you do in seminary.
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You are the professor for
New Testament Interpretation
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at the seminary.
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You're also director
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for the doctoral
programs particularly--
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Not all of them. All right.
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So you do the PhD in religion
and the ThD in religion.
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That's right. That's right.
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We have about--
What is the difference?
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Well, the difference,
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first we have six doctoral
programs at the seminary.
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We have the Doctor of Ministry.
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Pastors will do the
master divinity degree.
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They will go out for some years
and then many of them will do
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the Doctor of
Ministry, they call the D.Min.
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They have a brand
new doctor program
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called the Doctor of Missiology.
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Missions. Yeah, missions, D.Mis.
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Then we have three PhD
degrees in the seminary.
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We have the PhD in religion
that I oversee those students.
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Now the PhD in
religious education
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and that's overseen
by Dr. Kathy Beagles.
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Then we have the
PhD in archeology,
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biblical archeology that
Dr. Randy Younker oversees.
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I also oversee the ThD program.
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Now, that's the
Doctor of Theology.
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And the difference between
the PhD in religion and the ThD
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is the PhD focuses
you in one particular area
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like New Testament
or missions or theology
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with a cognate and another
area we take a few classes.
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But the ThD takes the
same number of classes
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that you would-- same
number of hours or credits
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that you would have in one
area and divides it between two.
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So it's an
interdisciplinary degree.
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So you could link together
New Testament and Old Testament
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or theology in church history
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or New Testament
in church history
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and it's helpful for
getting out some issues
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that bridge between topics like,
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for instance, the
change of the Sabbath.
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It would be a perfect study
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between New
Testament and church history.
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Because the time period
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when the change
of the Sabbath occurs
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is after the first century
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and known into the
second century and onwards.
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So that's just an example
of what people could do so.
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So now I assume then your
doctoral degree is religion?
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It is the PhD.
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I did my studies at Andrews
actually about 20 years ago.
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Wonderful. And you wrote
your dissertation on what?
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On Gospel of Mark.
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Gospel of Mark
which-- Sandwich stories.
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We have been so
blessed because Tom did the--
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it's okay if I call you
Tom instead of Dr. Sheperd?
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That's fine.
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But Tom did the series here
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for Books of the Book
on the Gospel of Mark.
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He also did a series
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that you're probably
familiar with Books of the Book
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and that was on 1 and 2 Peter
which you are also an author
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and you have released a new book
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"Inside Out, Upside Down:
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Surprising
Lessons from 1-2 Peter."
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And this is hot off the presses,
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my personal copy
that I just received
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and I'm very
excited about this book.
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All right, last
time we began this series
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talking about four rare words
for love in the Old Testament
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and then we got to ahab,
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which was one of the
more common Old Testament
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words for love.
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This-- today,
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we are going to go
through the New Testament words
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but first you have your
favorite Old Testament word
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that we didn't cover last time.
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My favorite Old
Testament word on love is--
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On love. Hesed.
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Try and say that. Hesed. Hesed.
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You got to clear you throat.
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That's a little
bit like that, yeah.
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And this is usually translated
in many Bible translations
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it says loving
kindness or mercy.
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And the interesting
thing about this word
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is that it is not associated
with inanimate objects.
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You can't have hesed
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for a chair or for your
house or something like that.
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Hesed is a
relational word between people.
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So it always involves people.
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Second, it's always--
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it's requested or
done for another person
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with whom you
already have a relationship.
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So it's love and
kindness you show to somebody.
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Third, it's-- hesed
refers to a specific action.
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So it's something you do.
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It's not just something,
now it can infer like a feeling
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but the--
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Not necessarily an emotion.
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It's like they say.
Yeah, it's an action.
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You help somebody.
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Now there's between individuals
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there's these four
common characteristics of hesed
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and the first is
that somebody needs help.
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Somebody needs help
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and that help is
actually really needed.
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It's essential
because if number two,
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if they don't get help,
then things are gonna get worse.
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And number three,
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there's one
person in particularly,
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who is uniquely capable
of supplying their need.
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And four which is a very
interesting aspect of this
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is that the
person who needs help
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cannot require it of
the person who can give it.
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In other words, the
person has to freely give it.
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So the giver-- it
cannot be demanded,
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it cannot be--
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it has to be
initiated with the giver
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is the one who is giving hesed.
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Right. Right.
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Now, the other person
can appeal for that help
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but they cannot demand it.
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So it's not a treaty.
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Remember when we
talked about ahab,
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we talked about a
relationship with God
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and you are in His kind of
treaty relationship with Him.
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That is not hesed.
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Hesed, you can't
demand it you can only ask it
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and they have to
freely choose to give it.
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So there's kind of
an interesting aspect
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of this loving-kindness
and mercy that it shows.
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And it's used many, many
times in the Old Testament,
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more than 250 times.
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May I just tell you quickly
one of my favorites, Psalms--
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Okay, tell me
one of your favorite.
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Psalms 63, where David says,
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"Because Your
hesed, your loving-kindness
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is better than life,
my lips will praise You."
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You know, he is talking about
how he was thirsting for God.
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Yeah, if you've
ever been to Israel
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and got down to
the Dead Sea areas,
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it is very, very dry.
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So you can imagine somebody
saying, this dry thirsty land.
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Amen. Amen. Yeah.
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Now, the wonderful key
passage that kind of becomes a--
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what should we say,
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a over arching
concept of this idea of hesed
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is in Exodus 34:6, 7.
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Exodus 34:6, 7.
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Now, this is just
after the experience
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of the golden calf
which was in Exodus 32.
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And, you know how
Moses intercedes for Israel.
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In Exodus 33 then he
asks, he wants to see God
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and God says, "You cannot
see my face or you will die.
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But I'll put you in
a cleft of the rock,
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I will cover you with
My hand and when I pass by,
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I'll take My hand away
and you could see my back."
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That's the most of
my glory you can see.
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So when God does pass by Moses,
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Exodus 34:6 and
7 is what he says.
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So now read these verses. Okay.
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Exodus 34:6, "And the
Lord passed before him"
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let me say, so Moses
is asked to see His glory.
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And now, "the Lord passed
before him and proclaimed,
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'The Lord, the Lord
God, merciful and gracious,
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longsuffering, and
abounding in goodness and truth,
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keeping mercy for thousands,
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forgiving iniquity
and transgression and sin,
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by no means clearing the guilty,
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visiting the
iniquity of the fathers
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upon the children and
the children's children
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to the third and
the fourth generation.'"
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All right.
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So see in verse 6 when he
says that he is "abounding in"
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well, yours says?
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"His goodness and truth."
Mine says, "Steadfast love."
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And I like that
better. That's a hesed.
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And the difference is
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that I'm reading from
New King James Version
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and you're reading
from which version?
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It's called the
English Standard Version.
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The ESV, English
Standard Version.
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ESV, nice literal
translation. It's a quite good.
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Yes. Enjoyed a lot.
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So this is--
this concept of hesed,
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this idea of the Lord God
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that He is
merciful and gracious,
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abounding in hesed and truth.
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What a difference
though, as you are saying
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goodness and truth
compared to steadfast love.
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Well, loving-kindness,
steadfast love, God's mercy.
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This becomes like a benediction
throughout the Old Testament
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where people, they
say, well, we've done wrong,
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we failed but God
is a God of mercy.
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And we can turn to
Him and we can ask Him,
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maybe He will turn
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and He will forgive us, you see.
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Amen.
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Now one of the
very beautiful places
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where this idea
of hesed shows up
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is in the Book of Ruth.
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You know, you
read the Book of Judges
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and it's just like,
"Oh, it's so shocking."
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You know, all these
terrible things that happen.
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And just at the end you know,
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when they
chopped that poor woman
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up into 12 pieces
and send her body parts
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all over the, all over Israel,
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the Book of
Judges ends with a phrase
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that its had over and
over, said over and over
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the last phrase is and no one,
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everyone did what was
right in his eye, in own eyes
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because there was no
king in Israel at the time.
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So the time of the
Judges seem so gory and violent
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you get this
beautiful little gem of a book
00:10:05.37\00:10:08.30
called Ruth
00:10:08.34\00:10:09.67
and it happens during
the time of the Judges.
00:10:09.70\00:10:11.77
And everybody knows the story
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that Elimelech
and his wife Naomi,
00:10:13.17\00:10:15.14
they go with
their sons over to Moab.
00:10:15.18\00:10:18.08
It's a drought
and there in Moab,
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the two boys
marry Moabite girls.
00:10:22.12\00:10:24.39
Now, I mean, that's like
00:10:24.42\00:10:26.62
you are not supposed to do that.
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And so they marry these
girls and then Elimelech dies
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and then the two boys die
and Naomi is just heart broke.
00:10:32.93\00:10:37.23
I mean, there's no
social security system.
00:10:37.27\00:10:39.93
Her social security has died.
00:10:39.97\00:10:42.04
The children are
supposed to take care of her
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and so she is bereft
00:10:43.44\00:10:45.07
and finally she
decides to go back to Israel.
00:10:45.11\00:10:48.24
And, you know,
the beautiful story
00:10:48.28\00:10:50.15
where the two
girls want to go with her
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and she says,
"No, no, no, go back."
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These are the
two daughter-in-laws.
00:10:54.95\00:10:56.28
Yeah, the two daughter-in-laws,
00:10:56.32\00:10:57.65
they want to go with
her and she says, "no, no.
00:10:57.69\00:10:59.35
Go back. Go back."
00:10:59.39\00:11:00.86
You know, if I were to
become pregnant tonight,
00:11:00.89\00:11:02.99
you wouldn't wait until my boys
were grown to be get married,
00:11:03.02\00:11:05.63
you know, and
there is nothing for you.
00:11:05.66\00:11:08.06
And Ruth, the
other girl goes back,
00:11:08.10\00:11:11.60
Orpah goes back but Ruth says,
00:11:11.63\00:11:13.80
you know,
wherever you go, I'll go.
00:11:13.84\00:11:16.37
You know, your
God will be my God.
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She is very loyal to Naomi.
00:11:18.47\00:11:21.68
She goes back
00:11:21.71\00:11:23.08
and then of course, she ends up
in the field of Boaz, you know,
00:11:23.11\00:11:26.61
and she is gleaning there
00:11:26.65\00:11:28.28
and Boaz is showing
kindness to her in everything
00:11:28.32\00:11:30.89
and Naomi finally
says, "Well, look,
00:11:30.92\00:11:34.19
I need to help
you to get a husband."
00:11:34.22\00:11:36.09
And she tells her what to do.
00:11:36.12\00:11:38.03
She sends her to
a threshing floor
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where Boaz will be,
00:11:40.96\00:11:42.80
you know, lying
down with the other guys
00:11:42.83\00:11:44.53
and sleeping and everything.
00:11:44.57\00:11:46.17
They had to protect their
grain that nobody would steal it
00:11:46.20\00:11:48.17
during the harvest.
00:11:48.20\00:11:49.77
And she comes and lays
down and just uncovers--
00:11:49.80\00:11:52.71
At his feet?
00:11:52.74\00:11:54.08
Yeah, at his feet
and uncovers his feet.
00:11:54.11\00:11:55.91
Now I don't know
if you ever had gotten
00:11:55.94\00:11:57.38
cold feet in the
middle of the night
00:11:57.41\00:11:58.75
but it will wake
you up, you know.
00:11:58.78\00:12:01.02
So he's in the
middle of the night,
00:12:01.05\00:12:02.58
he wakes up and he turns over
00:12:02.62\00:12:04.62
and there is this
woman lying at his feet.
00:12:04.65\00:12:07.79
And he says, "Who are you?"
00:12:07.82\00:12:09.82
And she says, "I'm Ruth."
00:12:09.86\00:12:12.19
Now this is where we
have to read the story.
00:12:12.23\00:12:14.13
It's in the Book of Ruth 3:9-11.
00:12:14.16\00:12:19.83
Ruth 3:9-11. You read it for us.
00:12:19.87\00:12:22.80
Okay. So Boaz says
to her "'Who are you?'
00:12:22.84\00:12:26.98
So she answered, 'I am
Ruth, your maidservant.
00:12:27.01\00:12:30.31
Take your
maidservant under your wing,
00:12:30.35\00:12:32.75
for you are a close relative.'
00:12:32.78\00:12:34.85
" So this would be
the kinsman-redeemer.
00:12:34.88\00:12:36.42
Kinsman-redeemer, exactly. Okay.
00:12:36.45\00:12:38.52
And verse 10 "Then he said,
00:12:38.55\00:12:40.96
'Blessed are you of
the Lord, my daughter!
00:12:40.99\00:12:43.59
For you have shown
more kindness at the end
00:12:43.63\00:12:46.19
than at the beginning,'"
00:12:46.23\00:12:47.56
That's hesed.
Yeah, that's hesed.
00:12:47.60\00:12:49.13
"You have shown more
kindness" or hesed "at the end
00:12:49.16\00:12:52.93
than at the beginning,
00:12:52.97\00:12:54.30
in that you did
not go after young men,
00:12:54.34\00:12:57.11
whether poor or rich.
00:12:57.14\00:12:59.04
And now, my
daughter, do not fear.
00:12:59.07\00:13:01.31
I will do for you
all that you request,
00:13:01.34\00:13:04.55
for all the
people of my town know
00:13:04.58\00:13:07.32
that you are a virtuous woman."
00:13:07.35\00:13:09.92
Yes.
00:13:09.95\00:13:11.29
Okay now-- Isn't
that-- that's beautiful.
00:13:11.32\00:13:12.95
It's beautiful and
it's very interesting.
00:13:12.99\00:13:14.52
Now most people they say,
00:13:14.56\00:13:15.89
"Well, what in the world is
going on here when she says,
00:13:15.92\00:13:18.59
you know, put
your cloak over me."
00:13:18.63\00:13:21.96
Some people want to suggest
that they had sex that night.
00:13:22.00\00:13:25.10
No, there's no--
00:13:25.13\00:13:26.60
you know, the
whole book is all about
00:13:26.63\00:13:28.20
how she such a wonderful,
virtuous, faithful woman.
00:13:28.24\00:13:32.01
That would be
completely out of character.
00:13:32.04\00:13:33.78
Who even became part
of the genealogy of Jesus.
00:13:33.81\00:13:36.28
She does.
00:13:36.31\00:13:37.65
So this is not
what she is doing.
00:13:37.68\00:13:40.02
But she is actually
proposing marriage to him.
00:13:40.05\00:13:42.88
She says--
00:13:42.92\00:13:44.25
And explain the
kinsman-redeemer.
00:13:44.29\00:13:45.62
Yeah, kinsman-redeemer,
00:13:45.65\00:13:46.99
they had this thing
called levirate marriage
00:13:47.02\00:13:48.66
in the Old Testament where--
00:13:48.69\00:13:51.56
L-E-V-E-R-I-T-E?
00:13:51.59\00:13:53.19
L-E-V-I-R-A-T-E,
levirate marriage
00:13:53.23\00:13:57.13
and it was, the idea
was that if a man died,
00:13:57.17\00:14:00.17
now we think
that's just strange.
00:14:00.20\00:14:01.84
We don't do this in our
culture but if a man died,
00:14:01.87\00:14:05.04
then his brother
would marry his widow
00:14:05.07\00:14:08.54
in order that he
would have children.
00:14:08.58\00:14:10.11
Any children that
she bore to this brother
00:14:10.15\00:14:14.48
would be actually
the dead man's children.
00:14:14.52\00:14:16.85
So when Ruth does this,
00:14:16.89\00:14:18.85
the kinsman-redeemer the
idea is if Boaz marries her,
00:14:18.89\00:14:23.43
then the children become
00:14:23.46\00:14:25.89
the children of
her dead husband.
00:14:25.93\00:14:27.80
And so the line of
Elimelech does not die out
00:14:27.83\00:14:30.90
and his property
does not die out.
00:14:30.93\00:14:33.74
So Boaz, to do this actually
has the risk of losing money.
00:14:33.77\00:14:37.97
And so, you know, it's a noble--
00:14:38.01\00:14:39.71
And he had to be
in kin to her husband.
00:14:39.74\00:14:41.64
Yes, but it was a noble thing
for him to do this for her.
00:14:41.68\00:14:46.78
And so she--
00:14:46.82\00:14:48.15
the interesting thing
though was in verse 10
00:14:48.18\00:14:54.02
when he speaks to her.
00:14:54.06\00:14:55.52
See, she is the
person who needs hesed.
00:14:55.56\00:14:58.16
She is the person who is
in the vulnerable situation
00:14:58.19\00:15:01.03
and she says,
"Won't you help me?"
00:15:01.06\00:15:03.77
So the thing he is going to do
when he gets down to verse 11,
00:15:03.80\00:15:07.94
he says, "Don't fear,
I'll do what you've asked."
00:15:07.97\00:15:10.37
That is showing hesed.
00:15:10.41\00:15:13.11
But when he describes it,
00:15:13.14\00:15:15.74
he doesn't describe it that way.
00:15:15.78\00:15:17.71
Notice in verse 10 "And he said,
00:15:17.75\00:15:19.41
'May you be blessed
by the Lord, my daughter.
00:15:19.45\00:15:21.45
You have made
this last kindness"
00:15:21.48\00:15:23.65
this last hesed
"greater than the first
00:15:23.69\00:15:28.82
in that you have not
gone after young men,
00:15:28.86\00:15:30.29
whether poor or rich."
00:15:30.33\00:15:32.16
Now what was the
first hesed that she showed?
00:15:32.19\00:15:36.46
Well, that was
kindness to Naomi.
00:15:36.50\00:15:38.87
She didn't have to come back.
00:15:38.90\00:15:40.44
She came back
and she helped Naomi.
00:15:40.47\00:15:42.94
She was to support Naomi.
00:15:42.97\00:15:44.37
She was the lost
son or the son that--
00:15:44.41\00:15:47.01
she didn't
have-- Naomi had nobody
00:15:47.04\00:15:49.31
but she had Ruth and
Ruth took care of her.
00:15:49.34\00:15:51.71
So Boaz is
referring back to the hesed
00:15:51.75\00:15:55.22
that Ruth showed to Naomi.
00:15:55.25\00:15:57.79
But that's not the end of it
00:15:57.82\00:15:59.99
because he says, now this
last hesed that you've shown
00:16:00.02\00:16:04.06
is greater than the first.
00:16:04.09\00:16:07.23
And commentators are
like scratching their heads,
00:16:07.26\00:16:09.06
they are like, now wait,
00:16:09.10\00:16:11.00
"She is the one who needs hesed,
00:16:11.03\00:16:13.60
how can she be showing hesed?"
00:16:13.64\00:16:16.81
Well, it's irony actually
and Boaz is talking kindly.
00:16:16.84\00:16:20.74
He is-- we
would put it this way.
00:16:20.78\00:16:22.78
You know, he said to her,
00:16:22.81\00:16:24.81
"You're awful sweet not
to run after young guys.
00:16:24.85\00:16:27.98
You're willing to
marry an old guy like me?"
00:16:28.02\00:16:31.22
You know, so he is making it
00:16:31.25\00:16:33.46
appear as though
she is doing him a favor
00:16:33.49\00:16:36.39
by marrying him
00:16:36.42\00:16:37.76
when actually he is the
one that's covering for her.
00:16:37.79\00:16:40.10
Right. Yeah.
00:16:40.13\00:16:41.46
So it's beautiful,
beautiful description of hesed.
00:16:41.50\00:16:44.03
Well, we've got to move to the
New Testament pretty quick now.
00:16:44.07\00:16:47.97
But I love this
Old Testament stories.
00:16:48.00\00:16:49.34
Oh, yeah, our time is
rapidly going, isn't it?
00:16:49.37\00:16:52.54
All right. Okay.
00:16:52.57\00:16:55.11
So in the New Testament,
00:16:55.14\00:16:58.81
in the Greek what
are there, four words?
00:16:58.85\00:17:00.58
Four different words
that are used for love.
00:17:00.62\00:17:04.22
And so we got to
talk about these quickly
00:17:04.25\00:17:05.92
but the first is Eros.
00:17:05.95\00:17:07.82
We get the word
erotic from this.
00:17:07.86\00:17:09.29
And that word doesn't even
appear in the New Testament.
00:17:09.32\00:17:11.09
It doesn't appear
in the New Testament.
00:17:11.13\00:17:13.09
It doesn't even
appear in a vice list
00:17:13.13\00:17:15.26
in the New Testament
which is a little surprising.
00:17:15.30\00:17:17.83
But the idea of Eros was, well,
00:17:17.87\00:17:21.84
you know, the
kind of physical love
00:17:21.87\00:17:23.61
but actually the Greek god Eros,
00:17:23.64\00:17:26.11
the god of love was--
00:17:26.14\00:17:28.34
he was the son of two
gods and the two gods,
00:17:28.38\00:17:32.35
the two gods in Greek
mythology the two gods--
00:17:32.38\00:17:34.58
the goddess was Penia
00:17:34.62\00:17:36.38
and so that means
poverty or a want or need.
00:17:36.42\00:17:41.49
And his father was Porus
00:17:41.52\00:17:43.66
which means resourceful,
initiative and energy.
00:17:43.69\00:17:46.46
So here a combination of
resourceful energy and need.
00:17:46.49\00:17:50.27
So Eros is actually the love
for the beautiful and the good.
00:17:50.30\00:17:55.77
And when Plato talked about it,
00:17:55.80\00:17:57.57
he said it was
love for the ideas,
00:17:57.61\00:17:59.64
the real world of ideas
00:17:59.67\00:18:01.01
that what's he
thought as a duelist.
00:18:01.04\00:18:02.38
He thought of the real
world being the world of ideas.
00:18:02.41\00:18:05.51
And the soul has this memory
and this hunger for that world.
00:18:05.55\00:18:09.42
So--
00:18:09.45\00:18:10.79
Wouldn't he be
shocked to see how we use Eros
00:18:10.82\00:18:13.09
because that is the
real word of our word erotic.
00:18:13.12\00:18:15.26
Erotic, yeah.
00:18:15.29\00:18:16.62
And where did
they make that change?
00:18:16.66\00:18:17.99
Well, it must have been--
00:18:18.03\00:18:19.36
Well, I mean, it was the
god of love in those times
00:18:19.39\00:18:21.23
and so when it
came into English,
00:18:21.26\00:18:23.10
you know, it's used as the
love for that physical love
00:18:23.13\00:18:27.44
and it's today
being used to speak
00:18:27.47\00:18:29.87
of pornography
and things like that.
00:18:29.90\00:18:31.64
Well, that's about as far
from the what Plato thought
00:18:31.67\00:18:34.74
as you could get.
00:18:34.78\00:18:36.11
Now the other words,
00:18:36.14\00:18:37.55
that word doesn't
appear in the New Testament.
00:18:37.58\00:18:39.21
The other word that is,
00:18:39.25\00:18:41.52
another term that doesn't
appear in the New Testament
00:18:41.55\00:18:43.92
is the verb for storge,
00:18:43.95\00:18:47.66
which means to be benevolent
or to have affection for.
00:18:47.69\00:18:50.36
But the two words that do
appear in the New Testament
00:18:50.39\00:18:53.43
are the words
phileo, or philia or philos
00:18:53.46\00:18:57.43
those noun, verbs, adjective.
00:18:57.47\00:18:59.73
And agape and agapao.
00:18:59.77\00:19:02.27
And these two terms
phileos means friend.
00:19:02.30\00:19:06.84
Brotherly kind of.
00:19:06.88\00:19:08.21
Yeah, and we have
the word Philadelphia,
00:19:08.24\00:19:10.15
the brotherly kindness.
00:19:10.18\00:19:12.01
So phileos is a
friendship kind of love.
00:19:12.05\00:19:15.72
Agape is the love that of God.
00:19:15.75\00:19:18.49
So when it talks about
00:19:18.52\00:19:20.49
"God so love the
world" uses agapao,
00:19:20.52\00:19:22.59
uses the verb for love.
00:19:22.62\00:19:24.26
Now there's a very interesting
place in the Gospel of John
00:19:24.29\00:19:27.06
that summarizes.
00:19:27.10\00:19:28.43
Well, now let's talk about
agape means unconditional love.
00:19:28.46\00:19:32.33
It's a love that doesn't expect
00:19:32.37\00:19:35.70
that the other
has to respond to you.
00:19:35.74\00:19:37.44
He is gonna love anyways.
00:19:37.47\00:19:39.31
It's going to--
it's an outgoing love.
00:19:39.34\00:19:40.81
It's a love that will help
00:19:40.84\00:19:44.68
even when there is not
expectation necessarily return.
00:19:44.71\00:19:48.65
So when God loves the world
00:19:48.68\00:19:50.02
does not because
the world loved God.
00:19:50.05\00:19:51.65
Yes. Love came from Him first.
00:19:51.69\00:19:53.99
And actually, we
will study next time
00:19:54.02\00:19:56.69
in 1 Corinthians
13, another passage
00:19:56.73\00:19:59.59
and its all about
love and we will talk about
00:19:59.63\00:20:01.53
how Paul describes
in a beautiful terms.
00:20:01.56\00:20:03.70
But this is passage
in John I want you to see
00:20:03.73\00:20:06.30
because it illustrates
nicely the difference between
00:20:06.33\00:20:09.24
phileo and agapao
00:20:09.27\00:20:11.37
and it's John 21:15-21.
00:20:11.41\00:20:17.51
John 21 and verses,
oh, yes, I know this story,
00:20:17.55\00:20:22.38
15-21 "So when they
had eaten breakfast,
00:20:22.42\00:20:27.79
Jesus said to Simon
Peter, 'Simon, son of Jonah,
00:20:27.82\00:20:31.79
do you love Me more than these?'
00:20:31.83\00:20:34.26
And he said to Him, 'Yes,
Lord, You know that I love You.'
00:20:34.30\00:20:39.03
He said to him, 'Feed My lambs.'
00:20:39.07\00:20:43.27
Then He said to
him a second time,
00:20:43.30\00:20:45.07
'Simon, son of
Jonah, do you love Me?'
00:20:45.11\00:20:49.08
He being Simon or
Peter said to Him,
00:20:49.11\00:20:52.98
'Yes, Lord, You
know that I love You.'
00:20:53.01\00:20:55.28
So Jesus said to
him, 'Tend My sheep.'
00:20:55.32\00:20:58.42
Then Jesus said to
Simon the third time,
00:20:58.45\00:21:01.49
'Simon, son of
Jonah, do you love Me?'
00:21:01.52\00:21:05.03
And Peter was grieved
00:21:05.06\00:21:06.70
because He said to
him the third time,
00:21:06.73\00:21:08.93
'Do you love Me?'
00:21:08.96\00:21:10.37
And he said to Him,
'Lord, You know all things,
00:21:10.40\00:21:14.27
You know that I love You.'
00:21:14.30\00:21:16.94
Jesus said to
him, 'Feed My sheep.'"
00:21:16.97\00:21:21.78
Keep going through verse 20.
00:21:21.81\00:21:23.14
Through verse 20, okay.
00:21:23.18\00:21:24.81
"'Most assuredly, I say to
you, when you were younger,
00:21:24.85\00:21:27.25
you girded yourself and
walked where you wished,
00:21:27.28\00:21:29.75
but when you are old,
00:21:29.78\00:21:31.12
you will stretch out your hands,
00:21:31.15\00:21:32.72
and another will gird you
00:21:32.75\00:21:34.09
and carry you
where you do not wish.'
00:21:34.12\00:21:36.76
This He spoke, signifying
00:21:36.79\00:21:38.96
by what death he
would glorify God.
00:21:38.99\00:21:42.10
And when He had spoken this,
00:21:42.13\00:21:43.80
He said to him, 'Follow Me.'"
00:21:43.83\00:21:45.73
Okay, stop there.
00:21:45.77\00:21:47.10
All right, now,
00:21:47.14\00:21:48.47
this is the restoration
of Peter to ministry.
00:21:48.50\00:21:51.87
He denied Jesus three times
00:21:51.91\00:21:54.31
and this is after
Jesus' resurrection
00:21:54.34\00:21:55.91
there at the Sea of Galilee
00:21:55.94\00:21:57.71
and Jesus ask him
this question three times.
00:21:57.75\00:22:00.42
It's like he
denied Him three times.
00:22:00.45\00:22:02.45
Now he has to profess his
love for Jesus three times.
00:22:02.48\00:22:07.32
Interesting thing is that
00:22:07.36\00:22:08.69
there's two
different words are used here.
00:22:08.72\00:22:10.99
Now, some
commentators will suggest that
00:22:11.03\00:22:13.46
"Well, that's
really just synonymous,
00:22:13.50\00:22:16.80
you know, and so it's
back and forth this way."
00:22:16.83\00:22:18.40
But actually
there is a pattern here
00:22:18.43\00:22:20.74
that seems to me that suggest
something quite different.
00:22:20.77\00:22:24.11
Jesus asked the
question with agapao,
00:22:24.14\00:22:26.91
the verb for of agape.
00:22:26.94\00:22:29.94
Peter answers with phileo,
00:22:29.98\00:22:32.31
the verb for of philia
or philos, so friendship.
00:22:32.35\00:22:37.15
So Jesus says, first
00:22:37.19\00:22:39.22
"Do You love me?"
With God's kind of love,
00:22:39.25\00:22:41.12
"Do you love Me
00:22:41.16\00:22:42.49
more than the rest of
these disciples loved me?"
00:22:42.52\00:22:45.66
And Peter-- Do you agape?
00:22:45.69\00:22:47.56
Yeah. Yeah. You
have agape, yeah, agapao.
00:22:47.60\00:22:50.10
He says, "Do you
have this love for me?"
00:22:50.13\00:22:52.63
Peter doesn't answer with that.
00:22:52.67\00:22:54.44
He answers with phileo,
"You know that I love you."
00:22:54.47\00:22:58.07
Now Jesus asks-- In
that brotherly kind of love.
00:22:58.11\00:23:00.31
Brotherly kind of love.
So then Jesus asks again.
00:23:00.34\00:23:04.15
Now He doesn't compare
him to the other disciples.
00:23:04.18\00:23:05.88
He kind of brings the
bar down a little bit.
00:23:05.91\00:23:08.42
He says, "Do you love Me?"
Simply not more than these.
00:23:08.45\00:23:11.55
Just, you know, "Do you
got that kind of love for Me?"
00:23:11.59\00:23:13.86
Peter responds
with phileo again.
00:23:13.89\00:23:15.96
But here again,
Jesus has used the agape.
00:23:15.99\00:23:18.43
The big one.
Yeah, the higher one.
00:23:18.46\00:23:19.79
Now the third time,
00:23:19.83\00:23:22.60
Jesus comes down
and He uses phileo.
00:23:22.63\00:23:25.73
And then it says Peter is hurt
00:23:25.77\00:23:27.94
because He asked
him the third time,
00:23:27.97\00:23:30.27
if he loved Him
and He uses phileo.
00:23:30.31\00:23:32.27
And he says, "Lord,
you know everything.
00:23:32.31\00:23:34.24
He says, you
know that I love You."
00:23:34.28\00:23:35.61
But he still uses
phileo. Now this is weird.
00:23:35.64\00:23:39.98
When you--
00:23:40.02\00:23:41.35
when Peter responds to
Jesus in this way each time,
00:23:41.38\00:23:44.65
Jesus will say, you
know, "Tend My sheep."
00:23:44.69\00:23:47.22
"Tend My lambs." Tend My sheep."
00:23:47.26\00:23:48.66
"Feed My sheep."
00:23:48.69\00:23:50.03
You know, He does
all this kind of thing.
00:23:50.06\00:23:52.29
He says, what in the
world is going on here?
00:23:52.33\00:23:54.36
But when He talks
about tending the sheep,
00:23:54.40\00:23:56.20
feeding the lambs,
that's restoration to ministry.
00:23:56.23\00:23:58.60
He is gonna be a pastor.
00:23:58.63\00:24:00.50
He is gonna take
care of the sheep.
00:24:00.54\00:24:01.87
He's gonna be a minister again.
00:24:01.90\00:24:04.61
And so you kind of
wonder well, how does this work?
00:24:04.64\00:24:07.84
What's going on?
00:24:07.88\00:24:09.31
What's actually
going on is this.
00:24:09.34\00:24:11.61
Jesus is testing Peter
to see if he is humble.
00:24:11.65\00:24:15.58
Has he learned his lesson
from going through the cross,
00:24:15.62\00:24:18.75
going through his
denial and everything
00:24:18.79\00:24:20.49
because before that
he would always insisted,
00:24:20.52\00:24:22.46
"Though everyone else
deny you, I never will.
00:24:22.49\00:24:25.89
I'll always be faithful to you."
00:24:25.93\00:24:28.03
I love you unconditionally.
I will put up with anything.
00:24:28.06\00:24:31.03
I will do-- I'm
ready to die for You.
00:24:31.07\00:24:32.67
Right. He learned his lesson.
00:24:32.70\00:24:34.80
And so instead of
responding with the high love,
00:24:34.84\00:24:37.91
you know, out of
this world kind of love,
00:24:37.94\00:24:41.21
he doesn't dare do that.
00:24:41.24\00:24:42.58
That would be cheeky.
00:24:42.61\00:24:43.95
He instead,
responds with a this low,
00:24:43.98\00:24:47.68
simple friendship love.
00:24:47.72\00:24:49.25
He doesn't dare claim agape.
00:24:49.28\00:24:52.35
I've never seen, you
know, I have studied this out
00:24:52.39\00:24:54.92
and I've always thought
that Peter just didn't love Him
00:24:54.96\00:24:57.79
in with all of his heart.
00:24:57.83\00:24:59.36
Oh, no.
00:24:59.39\00:25:00.73
He loved Him but he was--
he had learned his lesson.
00:25:00.76\00:25:03.40
That's so good. He
was, he was humble.
00:25:03.43\00:25:05.80
He wouldn't insist that
he-- you see when He asked him
00:25:05.83\00:25:09.50
"do you love Me more
than these other men there?"
00:25:09.54\00:25:13.07
He doesn't respond with
this, you know, bold, you know,
00:25:13.11\00:25:17.71
"everybody else will
deny You but not me."
00:25:17.75\00:25:20.02
Oh, I like that.
00:25:20.05\00:25:21.38
And the second
time He comes around now
00:25:21.42\00:25:22.75
what happens is Jesus
drops the bar every time
00:25:22.78\00:25:26.39
and yet when He
restores him to ministry,
00:25:26.42\00:25:28.19
He raises it every time. Yes.
00:25:28.22\00:25:30.19
He starts out
with feeding the lambs,
00:25:30.23\00:25:31.56
we would say that was like,
00:25:31.59\00:25:32.93
"okay, you can teach
children Sabbath school,"
00:25:32.96\00:25:35.00
children Sabbath school.
00:25:35.03\00:25:36.36
That's all right.
00:25:36.40\00:25:37.73
The new believers can
comes and sit with you, okay.
00:25:37.77\00:25:39.57
When He says, "Now
you'll tend my sheep."
00:25:39.60\00:25:42.24
Now we will send you out
and let you go do some things.
00:25:42.27\00:25:45.47
But if you are gonna
be the senior pastor,
00:25:45.51\00:25:47.01
feed my sheep at the very end.
00:25:47.04\00:25:49.14
That's like now you
are at the top of the line.
00:25:49.18\00:25:52.08
What is that made
the difference for Peter
00:25:52.11\00:25:54.58
was this humility, you see.
00:25:54.62\00:25:58.72
And so he stops depending--
00:25:58.75\00:26:01.52
the point of
reference is shifted.
00:26:01.56\00:26:04.13
You see, he had a point of
reference before of himself
00:26:04.16\00:26:07.36
"though everybody else
denies You I will not."
00:26:07.40\00:26:12.77
I'm the best, there he is.
00:26:12.80\00:26:15.17
Now, you notice
whenever he responds,
00:26:15.20\00:26:18.77
he says, "Lord, you
know that I love You."
00:26:18.81\00:26:23.14
He always says, You
know, You know that I love You.
00:26:23.18\00:26:27.42
Second time, "Lord,
you know that I love You."
00:26:27.45\00:26:30.09
Third time, "Lord,
you know, everything.
00:26:30.12\00:26:33.99
You know that I love You."
00:26:34.02\00:26:36.09
No longer depending on himself.
00:26:36.12\00:26:38.76
And that's-- you know,
that's the whole gospel,
00:26:38.79\00:26:41.36
the gospel of
salvation is to learn
00:26:41.40\00:26:44.03
total dependence upon God
00:26:44.07\00:26:46.17
and the whole
qualification for ministry
00:26:46.20\00:26:49.94
is that same type of humility
depending upon God, isn't it?
00:26:49.97\00:26:54.74
But when you see
yourself as someone great,
00:26:54.78\00:26:58.78
that's where
love starts to go out.
00:26:58.81\00:27:00.92
When you see yourself as someone
00:27:00.95\00:27:02.28
who can't make a mistake,
00:27:02.32\00:27:04.25
that's when you
will make mistakes.
00:27:04.29\00:27:06.45
But Peter came to
totally trust in Christ.
00:27:06.49\00:27:10.99
Now this is very interesting
00:27:11.03\00:27:12.73
because this is one
of the greatest evidences
00:27:12.76\00:27:16.46
that Jesus rose from the dead
00:27:16.50\00:27:18.90
because this man would not
have been restored to ministry
00:27:18.93\00:27:22.77
by anybody, except Jesus.
00:27:22.80\00:27:26.64
Excellent point.
00:27:26.68\00:27:28.01
So if he--
00:27:28.04\00:27:30.15
somehow you have to explain how
is it that he became a pastor.
00:27:30.18\00:27:33.01
He became a pastor again
because Jesus restored him.
00:27:33.05\00:27:35.62
Amen. What an excellent point.
00:27:35.65\00:27:37.85
Well, this time
just has flung by
00:27:37.89\00:27:40.12
but this is a beautiful study
00:27:40.16\00:27:41.49
and thank you
again so much for this.
00:27:41.52\00:27:44.73
I think that this is what
Jesus is asking us all today
00:27:44.76\00:27:48.10
is to you...
00:27:48.13\00:27:49.46
Agapao.
00:27:49.50\00:27:51.03
Agapao, I'll say that right.
00:27:51.07\00:27:53.74
Do you agapao me
00:27:53.77\00:27:55.60
and I hope that He
will increase our humility,
00:27:55.64\00:27:59.81
but to learn to be
totally dependent upon Him.
00:27:59.84\00:28:02.64
Now our prayer for you
00:28:02.68\00:28:04.01
is that the grace of
our Lord Jesus Christ
00:28:04.05\00:28:06.92
will be with you always.
00:28:06.95\00:28:08.68
Thank you for joining us.
00:28:08.72\00:28:10.19