What was the role of the
temple in Hebrew worship?
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Today we'll be
talking about that on
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"Back to our Roots."
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Join us.
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Hello and welcome once again to
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"Back to our Roots."
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I'm your host Alex Schlusser
and this is my co host--
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Rachel Hyman.
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And we're so happy
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that you've
chosen to join us today.
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Today we're going to be
talking about the temple.
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Now I am not
talking about the one
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that's down the corner,
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that as you would
go worship on Sabbath.
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We're talking
about "The Temple",
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the temple that existed
not only in the time of Jesus
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but even going back to
that at the time of David
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and even going back beyond
that to the time of Moses,
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that was called the
Tabernacle in the Wilderness
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or in Hebrew the Mishkan.
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So we want to begin by
trying to understand, Rachel.
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What the role of the temple
was in that period of time.
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And the simple answer to that,
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it was a place
that housed the altar.
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It was a place where
the children of Israel
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could come worship.
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But you know another
really interesting thing is that
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when we talk in terms
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of the
Tabernacle in the Wilderness
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especially God had placed that
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right in the
crossroads of the known world,
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so that as all the
caravans would travel
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back and forth carrying
their goods and everything,
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they would come by.
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Can you imagine
what it must have been
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to see the camp of the Hebrews
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with millions of people
encamped around the tabernacle
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and the pillar of smoke
by day and the fire by night,
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how it must have drawn people.
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It was the ultimate
evangelistic campaign going on,
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produced by God
and God alone, amen.
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I want to invite our resident
scholar Alexander Bolotnikov,
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Sasha, Dr, Alexander.
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How are you, Rachel, today?
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I am fine, good.
How are you Alex?
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I am good, Sasha.
How are you doing?
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Very good.
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Good, we're going to
once again talk about
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one of those subjects that
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I know you have so much to say.
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We're gonna try and
keep a leash on you today.
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So it doesn't get out of control
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but I know you
just it's overflowing.
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The temple, the sanctuary
whatever we want to call it
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and you can correct anything
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that I say wrong
at this point, okay.
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So I opened up by saying
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that the primary
role of this house
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of this tabernacle
both in the wilderness
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and as we move
forward in history
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to a brick and mortar
to an established place
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was really to house
the altar of sacrifice.
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Yeah absolutely,
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in fact according to
Deuteronomy Chapter 12,
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this is the only place to
conduct sacrificial service
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which typified
the plan of salvation
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and redemption
through the sacrifice of Jesus
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the Calvary.
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So God had told
through Moses I guess
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that there was no other place
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that they could
bring their offerings,
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their sacrifice.
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Absolutely and there is
another very important aspect.
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Temple was the
place of ritual service
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but was not a place for worship.
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Because there was no
place for worship at the temple
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it was like the altar--
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So that brings in
and I ask you a question
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that I am sure will
throw a lot of people
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because you know
that in many places
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the place where people
worship the part of the building
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where people work
it's typically called what?
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The sanctuary,
that's as a least number.
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Yeah, because as
you're saying the sanctuary,
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the place where God's presence
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throughout the place
where offerings took place
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really was not for
public worship at all.
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Absolutely.
Where did they worship?
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Well, it's a very
interesting question
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they worship God on every
Sabbath at Levitical towns,
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Levi, yeah Levites,
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remember the tribe of Levi
was not settled in one place,
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they were scattered in
towns close to proximity
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where people live and
Levites were supposed to go,
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teach them the word of God
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and that was on the weekly basis
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and that's what
people would come in and do
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and only two occasions
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where people
would go to the temple.
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One occasion somebody
committed a serious sin,
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they will have to
bring a sin offering
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and in other
occasion is the pilgrimage
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three times a year they would go
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during Passover during Shavuot,
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Pentecost and during Sukkot.
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They would go
specifically to the temple
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where the glory of God resided
and what did they do then,
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they did you know if we
call it a worship or wasn't,
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it was more of a barbeque party.
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Well, they would-- Interesting.
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Yeah they would
take a peace offering,
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you know unlike a sin offering
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which was eating by the priest,
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peace offering you
give only the right shoulder
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to the priest and breast
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and the rest you
take for your family
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and by the way
you invite friends,
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because it has to
be eaten right way,
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so they would camp around
in the little villages around,
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you know like--
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Was it really like a
party I mean are you joking?
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Well, not a party--
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Now the scripture does say
that you want to celebrate.
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Okay. Well, they celebrate.
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Remember the
description of Samuel
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when he was doing peace offering
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and soul wondering and
how Samuel anointed him,
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you know, they are at this meal,
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it was a festive meal they
would probably had the bull
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and the entire
village was eating
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but that village
of Rama was you know
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maybe half a
mile from the temple.
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So that's how it was happening
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but that was the only
unique place you could do it.
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Don't even dare to do
it anywhere else you know.
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So, let me ask you some,
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since we have already said
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that the primary
role of the temple
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was to house the
altar of sacrifice.
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I know that in
passages in the Bible
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before Deuteronomy the message
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the mention of altar of
sacrifice comes up, right.
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Oh, yes, oh, yes.
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Well, you first
have Abraham mainly,
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Abraham and building altars
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all across the land of Canaan
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through which he wander
around, you know in Bethel,
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in Shechem and things like this.
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But then with Moses in Exodus,
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it all took a
little different shape
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because through
building of a tabernacle,
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you know, it was only altar
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and then the
tabernacle was added to it
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which showed another dimension
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of the typological
service of plan of salvation.
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Sasha, can you really quickly,
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I know this is deep and broad,
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but real
quickly kind of start us
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from outside in the courtyard
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and walk us in
what someone would see
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as they move from
the opening of the court
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to the altar of
sacrifice and so on.
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Can you just, I
know that's a lot
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but let's kind of
just do it briefly.
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You enter there is a little area
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and that's straight
away is your brazen altar.
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That's when the sinner
brings the sin offering
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and then beyond
this brazen altar
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a regular Israelite cannot go in
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so beyond this altar you walk,
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you can pass the lever
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that's where the
priest would wash,
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have ritual washing.
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So it's a big
ball of fire. Yes, yes.
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And then you hit what's--
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during Moses was a tabernacle,
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during Solomon it
was that temple building.
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That everyone is
familiar with the pictures.
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Yes, so you walk
through the door,
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you end up in
the holy compartment
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which has on the left
seven candled menorah.
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Right.
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On the right the
table for the twelve breads
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known in English
as the showbread.
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And then right
at the end in front
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there was a veil that
separates the holy of holy,
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holies and in front of it
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it's small
golden altar of incense.
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Then only once a
year the high priest
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walks into the most holy
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in which there is
the Ark of the Covenant
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inside the Ark
tablets with Ten commandments
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and besides the Ark
there is the Torah scroll.
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Right, right.
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The average
priest could they enter
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into the first
compartment of the sanctuary?
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When the priest is on duty,
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doing the daily service
and the daily service includes
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administration of the burn
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offering of the
lamps evening and morning.
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Then he needed
to keep up the flame
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on the menorah and he
needed to put the incense
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at the altar of incense.
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That's regular priest does.
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Weekly service includes removing
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and eating the bread from
the table of the showbread
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and also putting the new
bread, that's on every Shabbat.
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Interesting, interesting.
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Moses is commanded by
God to build a sanctuary
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and he says a
place that I might dwell
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amongst my people, right.
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Oh yeah,
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that's a very
important statement
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and you even have
Mishkan, Mishkan to dwell.
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Well, dwell doesn't carry
this interesting connotation.
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This root, trilateral
Hebrew verbal root shakan
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it means to neighbor--
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To neighbor.
Yeah, you first avoid.
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So God says to Moses,
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build me a tabernacle
that I might neighbor with you.
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Yeah, exactly that
what it all, God wants--
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That I can live with you--
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God wants to be our neighbor
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and in fact if you
look at the Israeli camp,
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they had a tents and
God had tent then they--
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He had a big one.
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Well, yeah, but
it was still a tent.
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But then they would realize,
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hey I build for
myself a palace of stone--
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How can God live in a tent?
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Yes. Yeah.
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So, Moses has this
through the command of God.
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Now the verses in the
Bible are pretty extensive
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as far as the explanations of
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the what the
sanctuary of components were,
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how it was to be built,
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God gives very specific details
He doesn't leave anything
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to Moses as imagination
and He actually says that
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you know it's a
pattern based on what?
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On.
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This is a pattern that is
based on the temple in heaven.
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Exactly.
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In particular Psalm
18 speaks very clearly
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that God has, you know,
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the temple in heaven
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and the Book of
Revelation is very clear,
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shows throughout that
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John sees
different furniture and the--
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how the ark is there
and everything so it's--
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So you mentioned about David,
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that David realized that
he's built himself a house yet
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God is still dwelling
in a tent, I am curious.
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Was there a difference
in the wall of the Mishkan
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the sanctuary in the wilderness
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versus the wall of the
established stone temple
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or was it
exactly the same thing.
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The main
difference is that the Mishkan
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in the desert the sanctuary,
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the tabernacle was in
the midst of the camp.
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So it was in
proximated to anybody
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who needed to
come to it right away.
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As soon as they move
to the land of Israel,
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they got scattered
so somebody may live
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50-80 miles away
from the a Mishkan
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so it doesn't have,
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that's why I said there was no--
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it wasn't the place of
the worshiping anymore.
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It lost its
accessibility to the people.
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Now do you think
that could be reason
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why now we see the
development of synagogues
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and things like that spread out
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because the people have
been removed from that proximity
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or do you think that even
in the time of the Mishkan,
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there was
something like that going on.
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What happened in
the time of Mishkan
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probably known
as not necessarily
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but in the time
of Israel definitely,
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but we don't
know about synagogues
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until the time of Ezra
which is 5th-4th century.
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Okay.
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What we know is based
on the Book of Deuteronomy
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and based on what we know
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from the Book
of Judges and Kings
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that the priest and Levites
were supposed to carry out
00:14:41.20\00:14:45.54
the responsibility of teaching
the Torah to the people,
00:14:45.57\00:14:50.27
but you
mentioned important aspect
00:14:50.30\00:14:53.42
what we have in Ezra,
00:14:53.45\00:14:56.13
we have an example particularly
00:14:56.16\00:14:58.85
in the Book of
Nehemiah Chapter 8
00:14:58.88\00:15:00.89
it's recorded how Ezra organized
00:15:00.92\00:15:03.47
the public reading of the Torah
00:15:03.50\00:15:06.92
which was not
connected to the temple
00:15:06.95\00:15:10.44
and that is
specifically a good illustration
00:15:10.47\00:15:14.70
of how today in Jewish world,
00:15:14.73\00:15:17.79
the temple is absolutely
separate from the synagogue,
00:15:17.82\00:15:22.31
because the
synagogue is the place
00:15:22.34\00:15:23.96
where the Torah is
read, where people study,
00:15:23.99\00:15:26.83
where people
learn and the temple
00:15:26.86\00:15:29.85
is where people
take care of their sin.
00:15:29.88\00:15:32.86
So let me ask you this question
00:15:32.89\00:15:35.85
and let me make
it as a statement
00:15:35.88\00:15:37.23
but kind of as
a question though.
00:15:37.26\00:15:39.29
So the
participation that one had
00:15:39.32\00:15:42.76
in the sacrificial rituals what,
00:15:42.79\00:15:44.82
centered around the temple,
00:15:44.85\00:15:46.60
was that an
indicator of whether someone
00:15:46.63\00:15:48.74
was connected literally
to a Jewish community or not,
00:15:48.77\00:15:51.69
or they could be
outside of the community, right,
00:15:51.72\00:15:54.73
and participate
in temple offerings
00:15:54.76\00:15:57.77
but never be
connected to Judaism as a whole.
00:15:57.80\00:16:00.48
Well, when we talk about Judaism
00:16:00.51\00:16:02.90
and we're
switching now to a period
00:16:02.93\00:16:05.16
what is known as
intertestamental period
00:16:05.19\00:16:08.38
because that's,
that's where the difference,
00:16:08.41\00:16:10.14
you know, when--
00:16:10.17\00:16:11.20
You know and that's the period
00:16:11.23\00:16:12.26
between the Prophet
Malachi, right, and the gospels.
00:16:12.29\00:16:17.20
Yeah, first century,
that's where the change occurs
00:16:17.23\00:16:20.55
because and
again it's all access,
00:16:20.58\00:16:23.20
issue of accessibility.
00:16:23.23\00:16:25.11
You have the
desert and the camp,
00:16:25.14\00:16:29.06
everybody can walk
through the Mishkan,
00:16:29.09\00:16:32.11
then you have
Israel twelve tribes
00:16:32.14\00:16:34.76
or some people live far away,
00:16:34.79\00:16:36.76
then three times a year,
00:16:36.79\00:16:38.57
and then you have
somebody living in the diasporas
00:16:38.60\00:16:42.53
somewhere in the today's Spain.
00:16:42.56\00:16:46.42
Can this
probably go to the temple
00:16:46.45\00:16:49.61
three times a
year, not a chance.
00:16:49.64\00:16:52.54
Many people in when
they moved away from Judea,
00:16:52.57\00:16:57.75
they didn't have
access to temple.
00:16:57.78\00:16:59.83
And the only thing
that connected them
00:16:59.86\00:17:02.92
to the faith was synagogue
00:17:02.95\00:17:05.93
and so synagogue took
this more primary role
00:17:05.96\00:17:11.09
and especially it
became even more acute
00:17:11.12\00:17:15.61
when you have the Maccabean Wars
00:17:15.64\00:17:20.45
when we talked about 170 BC
00:17:20.48\00:17:23.26
where priest lost credibility
00:17:23.29\00:17:27.34
and the scripture began to
be taught by the Pharisees,
00:17:27.37\00:17:31.07
interpreters of the scripture.
00:17:31.10\00:17:33.05
I am curious, Sasha.
00:17:33.08\00:17:35.34
So since we're
talking now that the temple
00:17:35.37\00:17:38.78
wasn't so much
central to the community,
00:17:38.81\00:17:41.28
it was for the
rituals and worship.
00:17:41.31\00:17:42.50
Absolutely no.
00:17:42.53\00:17:43.56
Okay, so certainly we know that
00:17:43.59\00:17:46.04
there are different instances
in the gospel narratives
00:17:46.07\00:17:48.95
where we find Jesus
at the temple, okay.
00:17:48.98\00:17:52.72
So tell me about that?
00:17:52.75\00:17:55.06
Well, first time in the gospel
00:17:55.09\00:17:56.98
we see Jesus as I say at
the temple studying with rabbis
00:17:57.01\00:18:03.76
at the age of 12, that's the age
00:18:03.79\00:18:06.92
when boys prepare
for their Bar Mitzvah.
00:18:06.95\00:18:09.36
Right, but I though
that the temple really
00:18:09.39\00:18:14.50
was more for worship.
00:18:14.53\00:18:16.91
So where there
places around the temple
00:18:16.94\00:18:19.63
or in the vicinity of the temple
00:18:19.66\00:18:20.82
where people would
still come together and study.
00:18:20.85\00:18:22.71
Well, we have to talk
about Herodian Temple.
00:18:22.74\00:18:25.38
It was much
bigger than the temple
00:18:25.41\00:18:28.08
which was originally restored
after the Babylonian captivity.
00:18:28.11\00:18:32.14
What Herod did, he
made a massive addition
00:18:32.17\00:18:35.66
around the temple,
00:18:35.69\00:18:36.97
he built the wall,
he built the square,
00:18:37.00\00:18:39.85
so that whole
square known today,
00:18:39.88\00:18:42.60
known even today
as a temple mount.
00:18:42.63\00:18:46.32
Now they have mosques,
there are stuff like this
00:18:46.35\00:18:48.60
but it's still a temple mount.
00:18:48.63\00:18:50.38
So that's square
housed the temple proper
00:18:50.41\00:18:55.23
and it housed all
additional buildings.
00:18:55.26\00:18:59.44
So then it
would, I guess, Sasha,
00:18:59.47\00:19:01.84
would kind of be like
that if you go to a small town
00:19:01.87\00:19:04.78
and in the center is
the courthouse, right,
00:19:04.81\00:19:07.40
but if you were to call
the whole town the courthouse,
00:19:07.43\00:19:10.67
that's kind of what's happening.
00:19:10.70\00:19:11.75
Exactly.
00:19:11.78\00:19:12.81
So in the proximity of
the temple that was it,
00:19:12.84\00:19:15.48
but really for
practical reasons,
00:19:15.51\00:19:17.30
Jesus isn't meeting people
00:19:17.33\00:19:19.48
and speaking with
people at the temple.
00:19:19.51\00:19:21.15
Oh, absolutely.
00:19:21.18\00:19:22.32
He's in Solomon's
portico, he's in these places,
00:19:22.35\00:19:24.65
that are the
outskirts around the temple.
00:19:24.68\00:19:26.88
Yes, Solomon's
portico was a synagogue,
00:19:26.91\00:19:30.04
was one of the synagogues
00:19:30.07\00:19:31.64
where Pharisees taught
00:19:31.67\00:19:34.43
and that's
where people would go.
00:19:34.46\00:19:39.07
Even Jerusalem,
it's like apostles.
00:19:39.10\00:19:41.70
They go to the temple to pray.
00:19:41.73\00:19:44.34
So that was the
place when Jesus as a boy,
00:19:44.37\00:19:47.80
you know, I must be about
my father's business and all,
00:19:47.83\00:19:49.92
He's in that area.
00:19:49.95\00:19:51.57
Yeah, that's where
they studied the Torah,
00:19:51.60\00:19:53.55
that's where they
have prayers, everything.
00:19:53.58\00:19:56.16
And only, you know,
00:19:56.19\00:19:58.14
we have the mention
of the actual sacrificing
00:19:58.17\00:20:02.05
when Paul takes-- he
goes with this, know--
00:20:02.08\00:20:07.14
For the Nazirite vows.
00:20:07.17\00:20:08.20
For the Nazirite vows.
00:20:08.23\00:20:09.36
Then they go into the area
00:20:09.39\00:20:12.74
where the altar is and
there was all kinds of troubles.
00:20:12.77\00:20:16.10
This kind of
reminds me a little bit,
00:20:16.13\00:20:18.22
I know it's on The
Temple but typically today
00:20:18.25\00:20:20.62
wherever there is
Jewish synagogues,
00:20:20.65\00:20:22.12
Jews try to build
the community around it,
00:20:22.15\00:20:25.93
so they didn't
have to drive anymore,
00:20:25.96\00:20:27.43
they just walk.
00:20:27.46\00:20:28.49
And they see the
temple today as a place of,
00:20:28.52\00:20:31.19
you know, prayer and worship
00:20:31.22\00:20:32.92
and all of these things.
00:20:32.95\00:20:34.29
And we have to say
that in American Judaism
00:20:34.32\00:20:37.96
particularly Reform Judaism,
00:20:37.99\00:20:41.05
they often use the title
temple for the synagogue.
00:20:41.08\00:20:46.04
Right, but that's not
really biblically correct.
00:20:46.07\00:20:48.73
It's biblically, and they know
it's not correct biblically.
00:20:48.76\00:20:51.11
But, but, if you think about it,
00:20:51.14\00:20:52.58
I think their
rational to that is, you know,
00:20:52.61\00:20:55.65
because now
sacrifice has been substituted
00:20:55.68\00:21:00.07
by prayer and giving, right.
00:21:00.10\00:21:02.15
It's still a temple
I guess in their mind.
00:21:02.18\00:21:03.75
So for them that's where
they bring their offering.
00:21:03.78\00:21:07.29
In the sense, in Reform
Judaism I ask this question,
00:21:07.32\00:21:12.14
I've studied in reform school,
00:21:12.17\00:21:14.17
so I ask this
question of why is the temple,
00:21:14.20\00:21:17.14
and they say just to
remember the temple so they--
00:21:17.17\00:21:21.82
And that's a
big part of Judaism,
00:21:23.13\00:21:24.95
there is so much of it that's
about remembering what was,
00:21:24.98\00:21:27.80
you know, even in the
commands of God gifts,
00:21:27.83\00:21:31.12
you know, regarding
Passover and many things.
00:21:31.15\00:21:33.07
You know, that you talk
about it to your children,
00:21:33.10\00:21:34.93
let them remember and so on.
00:21:34.96\00:21:35.99
But it is interesting
that orthodox synagogues
00:21:36.02\00:21:38.92
are not called temple.
00:21:38.95\00:21:41.09
Orthodox
synagogues are called shul.
00:21:41.12\00:21:43.39
And in Yiddish
shul means school.
00:21:43.42\00:21:46.22
Oh, that's school.
00:21:46.25\00:21:48.00
So I want to talk
also about the disciples
00:21:48.03\00:21:53.42
and their role
around the temple,
00:21:53.45\00:21:55.08
you know, on the first trip
00:21:55.11\00:21:57.21
that I made to
Israel many years ago,
00:21:57.24\00:21:59.68
one of things that they
did is they took us around,
00:21:59.71\00:22:02.20
I guess it's to the
southern side of the old city
00:22:02.23\00:22:06.83
and the wall there I
remember that the doors
00:22:06.86\00:22:10.89
that used to exist,
they're long since closed up,
00:22:10.92\00:22:13.58
but there is all
the stairs there.
00:22:13.61\00:22:16.12
And it's pretty
commonly thought that
00:22:16.15\00:22:18.36
this is the place
that Peter preached
00:22:18.39\00:22:21.40
and that the 3,000
people heard and got saved,
00:22:21.43\00:22:27.26
which brings, you know,
00:22:27.29\00:22:28.81
this idea of
their role in the temple
00:22:28.84\00:22:36.12
again probably
separating the temple itself
00:22:36.15\00:22:39.35
from all the
buildings and all the things
00:22:39.38\00:22:41.91
that exist around it.
00:22:41.94\00:22:45.06
Well, the gospels
and the Book of Acts
00:22:45.09\00:22:48.98
constantly talk about Jesus
00:22:49.01\00:22:51.30
and disciples
going to the temple.
00:22:51.33\00:22:54.44
In fact the Gospel of John
is very meticulous in particular
00:22:54.47\00:22:58.83
about Jesus being at the temple
00:22:58.86\00:23:02.79
during every holiday,
every holiday, every festival.
00:23:02.82\00:23:06.73
Right, and we have
already talked about that
00:23:06.76\00:23:08.36
and when we talked about Sukkot.
00:23:08.39\00:23:09.91
Exactly, but never in scripture
00:23:09.94\00:23:13.97
do we see Jesus
even attempting to offer
00:23:14.00\00:23:16.91
sacrifices at the temple.
00:23:16.94\00:23:18.53
Oh, never.
00:23:18.56\00:23:19.59
Yeah, I have often
wondered the answer to that.
00:23:19.62\00:23:23.87
That's indicative
to the fact that temple
00:23:23.90\00:23:28.21
as a place for sacrifice
has lost its significance more
00:23:28.24\00:23:35.45
so it lost its significance
00:23:35.48\00:23:40.01
because the priest were
not anymore in the authority.
00:23:40.04\00:23:46.48
And so that's why, you know,
00:23:46.51\00:23:51.33
Judaism focus on the
teachers of the Torah
00:23:51.36\00:23:54.68
and while these
teachers were around the temple,
00:23:54.71\00:23:57.87
you know, these are Pharisees
00:23:57.90\00:24:00.00
but the Sadducees
they were in the temple
00:24:00.03\00:24:03.48
and they were not
popular among the people.
00:24:03.51\00:24:07.37
Well, we're gonna-- once again
00:24:07.40\00:24:09.59
we've come to the
end of the program.
00:24:09.62\00:24:12.19
You know, I think we need to
make this a two hour program,
00:24:12.22\00:24:14.79
right, so we can cover
everything but we don't.
00:24:14.82\00:24:16.98
So, Sasha, if you could
introduce the song for me,
00:24:17.01\00:24:20.12
I am gonna go sing.
00:24:20.15\00:24:22.02
That's Alex is gonna
sing from Psalms 117.
00:24:22.05\00:24:26.76
"Praise the
Lord, All The Nations."
00:24:26.79\00:24:29.24
Amen.
00:26:58.45\00:26:59.95
Praise the Lord, all ye nations.
00:26:59.98\00:27:03.29
You know, Rachel,
there is a passage
00:27:03.32\00:27:05.95
that says there is a
time when every knee will bow
00:27:05.98\00:27:09.96
and every tongue will
confess to the glory of God,
00:27:09.99\00:27:12.84
the Jesus, our Messiah is Lord.
00:27:12.87\00:27:14.88
Amen. Amen.
00:27:14.91\00:27:16.33
Friends, I hope and I pray that
00:27:16.36\00:27:19.14
you have enjoyed
our program today
00:27:19.17\00:27:23.06
that you maybe glean something
00:27:23.09\00:27:25.68
that you have
never heard before,
00:27:25.71\00:27:27.34
but more
importantly remember this.
00:27:27.37\00:27:29.64
That yes there
was an earthly temple.
00:27:29.67\00:27:31.70
Yes, there is heavenly temple,
00:27:31.73\00:27:34.31
but God has called us
to be that tabernacle,
00:27:34.34\00:27:37.52
that temple in the
wilderness to bring His light
00:27:37.55\00:27:40.68
and His glory wherever
we go to those who need it.
00:27:40.71\00:27:44.80
And may the Lord bless
you and may He keep you
00:27:44.83\00:27:47.13
and may the Lord make His face
00:27:47.16\00:27:48.82
to shine upon you
and be gracious to you.
00:27:48.85\00:27:51.28
May the Lord lift
His countenance upon you
00:27:51.31\00:27:53.49
and bring you His peace.
00:27:53.52\00:27:55.53
Have a wonderful day.
00:27:55.56\00:27:57.14
God bless you and join us again.
00:27:57.17\00:27:59.68