Body and Spirit Aerobics

Heart Disease

Three Angels Broadcasting Network

Program transcript

Participants: Dick Nunez (Host), Richard Nelson and Janet Nelson

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Series Code: BASA

Program Code: BASA000035


00:02 The following program is designed to demonstrate
00:04 simple workouts that you can use
00:05 to improve your health.
00:08 Be sure to consult your physician
00:10 before beginning any exercise program
00:14 Heart disease is still the number one killer
00:16 in our society, fortunately there are
00:18 some things we can do about it exercise is part
00:21 of that equation, find out more
00:23 next on Body and Spirit aerobics.
00:53 Hello, I am Dick Nunez, Wellness Director
00:54 of the Black Hills Health and Education Center.
00:56 Welcome to Body and Spirit aerobics.
00:59 Heart disease is still the number one killer
01:01 in today's society, fortunately there are
01:03 some things you can do about it,
01:04 you get on a good regular exercise
01:06 program and of course watch what you eat,
01:08 you can still expect to have a good healthy life.
01:11 We are going to talk more about that as we
01:12 get into our program and this program will be
01:14 modified just a little bit because of the topic
01:17 we are dealing with, our aerobic workout
01:18 wouldn't be quite as long because we want
01:20 to encourage people to get into our program
01:22 and just start slowly and then work up
01:24 from there. So helping me out today will be
01:27 Richard and Janet, couple friends of mine
01:29 from the Black Hills Health and Education
01:31 Center and we are going to start out by
01:33 turning the upper body, because anytime we
01:35 deal with exercise, we still want to work the
01:37 whole body and that will help our heart.
01:39 So let's start by just some easy arm swings
01:42 and this is just a loosening up exercise,
01:47 we are not straining at all
01:48 and during our workout today
01:50 we are going to be focusing on ranger
01:52 motion exercise, we are not going to be doing
01:54 any straining so you won't have to worry
01:57 or your doctor won't have to worry,
01:59 one of the two.
02:00 We are going to just take it nice and easy
02:02 because you can always have more to exercise.
02:04 There is a progressive endeavor but if you
02:07 start too hard you can regret it.
02:10 Okay, lets go up and around the other way now
02:13 nice and gentle, up and around, up and around,
02:17 up and around and lets go about five more times,
02:25 there is three, two more and last one.
02:28 Okay, alright are we ready.
02:31 Okay, we are going to get like we are
02:32 in a press position here,
02:34 we are going to push out and bring your
02:36 hands together, bring it back and push out,
02:40 bring it back and push out
02:42 and while we're doing this,
02:43 we're working on the chest muscles,
02:45 because the muscles will work on that
02:46 pressing motion and then by bringing it
02:48 together at the end, then we maximize the
02:50 contraction of the pectorals muscles
02:52 which are the muscles of your chest.
02:55 We're also gonna be getting a little bit
02:56 of shoulder work in here, because we're
02:57 having to hold our arms up
03:00 and we are going to do about 10 more of these.
03:01 This is again, just giving you the range
03:03 of motion for the muscles
03:06 and any range of motion will be beneficial,
03:08 especially if you've been doing nothing,
03:11 this will definitely help you out and get you
03:13 started in the right direction,
03:14 then you can progress from here,
03:16 three more times, here's one,
03:19 press out, two, last one, press, three.
03:23 Lets stretch those muscles,
03:24 lets put our hands behind our head
03:26 and lets push our elbows back as far as we can.
03:30 And while you're doing that,
03:31 we should feel it stretch
03:32 in the chest region here.
03:36 Okay, now from there give yourself a hug,
03:39 reach your arms as far around you as you can
03:41 and give yourself a nice big hug,
03:43 good Janet you like yourself a lot,
03:45 you can get a hold of yourself pretty well.
03:47 Richard doesn't like himself quite
03:48 as much as Janet does. Okay. Okay.
03:53 Put your hands behind your head again
03:54 and push it back
03:58 and stretch the chest again.
04:00 Actually Richard and Janet,
04:02 you guys kind of know each other, don't you?
04:03 Yes. They have been married
04:05 for a couple of years now.
04:07 39. 39, good for you. Okay and bring it across
04:13 October 5. You are five,
04:17 you got married at five years
04:18 old huh! Lets see if everybody believes that.
04:24 Write your letters in care of Richard
04:25 and Janet Nelson to 3ABN.
04:30 Okay, relax, now lets work the upper back,
04:33 we are going to do it by squatting down
04:35 just a little bit, bending over at the waist,
04:37 reach out and pull back, reach out and pull,
04:41 reach out and pull, as you're doing this one,
04:46 concentrate on squeezing your shoulder blades
04:48 together, reach out, squeeze back, reach out,
04:52 squeeze back, reach out, squeeze back, reach out
04:56 and squeeze, reach out and squeeze,
04:59 out and squeeze. The upper back is one of the
05:04 main areas of the upper body that needs to be
05:06 focused on and that's one that's probably
05:09 neglected the most and that's too bad,
05:11 especially for women, it's vital that they work
05:14 the upper back area.
05:16 Okay, let's do about ten more of those,
05:19 pull way back, reach way out, way back
05:23 and out, there's three and out
05:25 and four and out and five
05:29 and out, six and out, seven and out,
05:33 three times more and pull and pull,
05:38 good, lets stretch those muscles,
05:41 bring an arm up over your head.
05:44 Grab a hold with the opposite
05:45 arm and stretch it.
05:50 Should feel the pulling right through
05:51 here Janet. Alright,
05:56 hold it for about five more seconds
06:00 and let's switch to the other side,
06:01 while you're doing the stretches you don't
06:02 want to be straining, just want to give
06:04 yourself a nice comfortable stretch
06:06 and you want to hold it between
06:07 10 and 20 seconds for the sake
06:09 of the program here, we usually stay
06:11 around ten seconds.
06:15 Alright, go ahead and let it down.
06:18 Now, lets do some shoulder work
06:19 and we are going to do lateral
06:21 raises with no weight.
06:23 Okay, we're just going to bring our hands
06:24 in front of us, as if we have weights
06:25 we are going to bend it over at the waist
06:27 just a little bit, raise your arms up,
06:29 come down and up and down,
06:32 and up and down, and up and down,
06:36 raise up and raise and raise,
06:41 act like you got dumbbells
06:42 in your hands folks
06:44 and raise them up, raise them up,
06:46 then you want to turn your thumbs down
06:48 just a little bit at the top,
06:52 coming down together and turn them down
06:53 at the top and up,
06:58 I learned how to do lateral raises from
06:59 Arnold Schwarzenegger himself.
07:03 Oh! Yes, for those who don't know
07:04 governor used to actually lift weights.
07:07 Okay and up and up and he said you want
07:12 to act like you're dumping some water
07:14 out, which you have like a glass
07:16 or a pitcher in your hand and
07:17 you should be able to dump it out the top.
07:19 Lets go about ten more,
07:24 even though there is no weight you might find
07:25 yourself feeling it and five more times,
07:33 and two more. Alright.
07:38 now lets stretch those muscles,
07:39 the way we are going to do that
07:40 is we are going to bring one arm across
07:42 the body and put your arm in behind there
07:45 and pull and you should feel that stretch
07:47 in your shoulder area.
07:55 Alright, now lets go the other direction,
07:57 reach it across, put your hand in behind
08:00 and give it a good steady pull,
08:04 feeling your shoulder. Yeah. Richard?
08:07 Yeah. Alright, and now lets go ahead
08:10 and relax. Now, we are going
08:13 to do a curl action, we are going to
08:14 act like we have a bar in our hand,
08:16 we're just going to curl up and down,
08:18 curl up and down, curl and down
08:22 and curl and down and curl and down,
08:27 if you want to use weights at home you can,
08:30 but if you have been experiencing any type
08:32 of heart pumps or blood pressure pumps
08:34 or any type of risk factors in that way
08:37 or if you're just beginning,
08:39 this is a good way of doing it too,
08:40 you are just using no weight at all
08:42 but you are still doing the range of motion
08:44 and the range of motion will get you
08:45 ready for progressing in your exercise.
08:51 But any moment you do is going to be
08:53 beneficial for you, because even as
08:55 we are doing it, we are still contracting
08:56 the muscles or making them work and granted
09:00 there is a much resistance here,
09:05 but the thing I try and get cross the people
09:06 all the time is they think just because
09:08 they work hard that they don't need
09:10 the exercise at all, but working hard
09:12 isn't going to take your muscles through
09:13 a range of motion, they only get
09:15 you strong enough to do the activity
09:17 that you are doing.
09:19 Okay, lets go five more times,
09:24 and two more, squeeze up.
09:28 Okay, now we are going to do the triceps,
09:31 the way we're going to do that is
09:32 we're going to bend over at the waist again
09:33 like we did for our upper back.
09:35 This time we are going to get ourselves
09:36 kind of in a chicken wing position here,
09:39 you are going to feel a little silly,
09:40 but that's the way it goes
09:41 and we are going to kick the arms
09:42 back, kick them back, kick them back,
09:47 its like we are getting ready to go
09:48 on the ski slopes,
09:50 I never skied before but I guess I can imagine
09:53 people having to get in this position.
09:55 You ever skied before Janet? Yes.
09:57 Okay, is this similar?
10:00 Okay, try and keep your elbows on one spot
10:03 keep your elbows locked in one spot
10:04 and push your arms way out till they go
10:06 totally straight and then back and back
10:11 and back, push back and push and push,
10:16 we are going to do ten more,
10:17 way out, push it back, push it back,
10:22 push it back, flex your triceps
10:25 and flex and flex and flex and flex,
10:30 two more times, push and push.
10:33 Okay, now we are going to start
10:35 doing our aerobic exercise, we are gonna
10:38 start very gently, we are going to start
10:41 by putting our hands on our hips,
10:42 we are going to do some side lunges,
10:45 when we come back, step the other way
10:47 and back and step and back and step.
10:52 Okay and keep going, I will watch
10:54 your form here, try not to get stepped down
10:57 as I come over here.
11:02 We are going to start very gentle,
11:04 going to warm the heart up,
11:05 the heart wants to be warmed up,
11:06 if you try and go too quickly
11:09 with aerobic exercise you can create
11:11 an arrhythmia of your heart,
11:12 which makes you feel like you're
11:14 skipping a beat, because you're getting a
11:15 premature signal some place and they call
11:18 them premature ventricular contractions.
11:20 And so we don't want that,
11:21 so we are going to just start nice
11:23 and gradual, let the heart warm up.
11:25 Now people find when they do aerobic exercise
11:27 that the first couple minutes are the most
11:29 difficult, until their body starts to get
11:31 warmed up. Richard and Janet,
11:33 I know you like to walk a lot
11:34 have you ever noticed that,
11:35 when you do your walking,
11:36 the first couple of minutes can be difficult,
11:38 but then as you get into the rhythm
11:40 of your walk then it becomes much easier
11:42 and part of that is because of the fact
11:44 that your body is a bio-mechanism
11:46 that needs to get into a aerobic oxygen
11:48 burning mode, it takes a couple of minutes
11:50 to get that system kicked into gear
11:52 and once it gets kicked in,
11:54 the body will go release the grease
11:56 and they'll start burning fats
11:57 and everything was working good.
12:01 Alright, that looks good.
12:05 Now we are going to change that
12:06 and we are going to step in place gently,
12:08 okay, just nice and gently, step in place.
12:11 We'll try and give various motions here,
12:13 okay lets go ahead and let the arms
12:14 swing as we do it.
12:19 Not too fast, we just want it nice,
12:21 steady rhythmic activity.
12:23 Now for those at home you can go
12:25 faster in this if you want to,
12:26 but we have to realize that people
12:29 watching this are gonna be in various
12:30 states of exercise, a lot of programs
12:33 that people will see on television
12:35 for exercise are designed for one speed
12:37 and one speed only and that's 20 years old
12:40 and extremely fit, not obese
12:41 and away somewhere, but we know
12:43 that's someone's reality because there are
12:45 a lot of people who had started doing
12:47 Body and Spirit and Body and Spirit aerobics
12:49 who have been in their 80s or even their 90s
12:51 who have basically given up in life
12:52 and they started doing this and go wow,
12:54 I feel like a new person. Didn't realize
12:56 they could do an exercise program.
12:59 Okay, lets do another transition move,
13:01 lets go do a lunge, we are not gonna
13:03 go into a deep lunge, we are just going
13:05 to step out and come back, step out,
13:09 come back, step out and back.
13:12 Lunges are a good movement, but we are
13:14 not going to go very deep because we are
13:16 assuming if somebody's got some
13:18 cardiovascular problems, they probably
13:20 haven't been doing a lot of exercise.
13:21 So on this kind of a modified lunge,
13:23 the one thing you want to make sure
13:25 of is that your knee never goes past your
13:27 foot, very important, we try and emphasize
13:30 that every single time that we ask somebody
13:32 do leg exercises, have proper position
13:35 of the foot, keep your chest up,
13:40 very important, there is an old saying
13:43 that you want to keep the xiphoid process,
13:45 which is the little bony protuberance
13:46 at the bottom of your sternum up
13:48 as high as possible and if you have
13:50 that in proper position then you are
13:52 in proper position to do all exercise.
13:54 So we want the chest up,
13:56 that helps us to breath
14:00 and that's a important part of exercise as well,
14:02 especially since aerobic exercise is defined
14:05 as training with oxygen.
14:12 And it can be really anything and it's just a
14:14 rhythmic activity of a major muscle group
14:16 and so we are going to be sitting on the legs,
14:19 we also do programs for people
14:22 who cannot use their legs and we do some
14:25 upper body aerobic programs, which are
14:28 a little more difficult, but when you can't
14:30 use your legs, you have no choice.
14:36 I have a lady who I worked very closely
14:38 with as you folks know who has polio
14:41 and so she has no choice but to use her
14:42 upper body to do her aerobic exercise.
14:46 Okay, lets go back to stepping again,
14:49 just step in place.
14:53 Now, we are changing it out, mainly just for
14:54 the fact, it helps break the monotony of a
14:56 movement, sometimes we will just stay
14:58 with one motion like we did a program
15:00 for those who are visually impaired
15:02 and it was very beneficial just to stay
15:03 with motion, but most of the time
15:05 when they are going through the various
15:06 transitions of motions, we are doing it mainly
15:09 just to break the monotony of going
15:10 in one spot and one time and we as Americans
15:13 especially like to be entertained, it's kind
15:16 of the, what I call the Sesame Street
15:18 mentality, because the visions are flashing
15:21 so quickly and so we like to have things
15:23 in front of us, we like to have television
15:24 monitors and television screens and programs
15:27 and even now there are some bikes
15:28 that have the Internet right there,
15:30 so somebody can be on a exercise bike
15:33 and be online at the same time.
15:35 So we get more and more spoiled
15:37 all the time, when you get right down to it,
15:40 swimming and walking and jogging have been
15:42 around for a long time and they are still the
15:44 best exercises out there, however it's hard to
15:47 swim and be on your computer at the same
15:49 time, but if somebody masters that,
15:51 they probably have a great invention there.
15:52 Okay, now lets go into a squat position,
15:55 okay we are not going to go very deep,
15:58 we're going to keep the chest up
16:00 and we are going to squat up and down,
16:04 we are still working our legs
16:07 and we are starting to do one of the most
16:08 important motions you can do
16:10 and that's a squat motion, you don't want
16:12 to lose the ability to squat 'cause if you do
16:16 and somebody is going to have to help you
16:18 just to stand up again.
16:21 One of the things that happens to people
16:23 as they get older as they lose the ability
16:26 to move very well and if they fall down
16:30 its hard for them to get back up again.
16:33 I think its safe to assume that Richard
16:35 and Janet if you fall down you both
16:36 can get up still. So, but there comes a time
16:39 sometimes when people cannot and then they
16:42 have no choice but to go off to a nursing home
16:46 or some type of assisted care, because their
16:49 family members are afraid that if something
16:50 happens to them or if they fall down,
16:53 what are they gonna do.
16:56 So squatting is a great exercise, that works the
16:59 gluteus maximus muscles, which are the
17:01 biggest strongest muscles of the body.
17:04 Again we are not squatting very deeply,
17:06 you can go down deeper, but this is a good start
17:11 and also if we go too deep, we won't be able
17:13 to do that many repetitions, where again
17:15 our goal right now is to do aerobics,
17:17 not so much just to train the lower body.
17:22 Okay Janet push the hips back just
17:23 a little more as you're squatting,
17:24 there you go, want to keep the chest up again,
17:27 you can bend a little bit the waist, but you want
17:29 to keep your chest up
17:32 and make sure you keep that breathing going.
17:39 We are breathing right, Richard.
17:40 I am trying. Okay, you're trying, alright.
17:45 Push the hips back, hips back, hips back,
17:48 hips back, lets do ten more of them,
17:55 there's three and four, chest up
18:01 and three more, eight, nine and ten,
18:05 go back and do the step,
18:11 how we doing Janet, we're doing okay.
18:12 Okay. Okay. Richard, we're doing alright.
18:16 Doing alright. Doing alright okay.
18:18 I hope you at home are as well
18:21 if you have to stop and rest
18:22 for moment go ahead, otherwise keep on
18:24 stepping with Richard and Janet.
18:26 Maybe we should change the name
18:27 of this step, stepping with Richard and Janet,
18:30 how about that? Sure.
18:36 Richard and Janet spent a lot time exercising
18:38 and have gotten into it, in fact I do a little
18:40 personal training on them,
18:42 help keep them, three times a week.
18:43 Three times a week. That's right
18:52 and yet you know you are at that age category,
18:54 where you probably have a lot of friends,
18:55 who are starting to worry about or even
18:57 have friends of your age category,
18:58 they have started to having
19:00 some cardiac problems. Yes.
19:04 And so you want to prevent that. Yes.
19:06 We got to keep you around for a while. Yeah.
19:11 Okay, lets go back to the lunge,
19:14 okay step out and back, right leg and back,
19:19 step out and step and step and step and step
19:28 and step, chest up, don't let your knee go pass
19:35 your foot, we see great things happen all
19:42 the time with people with cardiovascular
19:43 disease. In fact we had a fellow
19:45 come out who was in his 80's,
19:47 who was in line for a quintuple bypass surgery
19:51 and he came out to the program and his
19:52 cholesterol dropped down into the low 140s
19:55 and he got so he's walking 4 miles a day
20:00 when he got back home, his doctor wanted
20:01 to do the surgery on him still,
20:03 the guy was 84 years old and he's like,
20:05 leave me alone and so he said I don't want
20:08 to get the surgery done I feel great,
20:11 my cholesterol is down to around 141
20:13 and because I am walking 4 miles a day,
20:15 can I just go with this. So his doctor was
20:19 insisting that he needed to have a $75000
20:22 surgical procedure still and the man said
20:24 look I just don't want to have it done
20:26 and the surgeon is extremely angry with
20:28 him and I called them six months later
20:33 and I have asked him how he is doing?
20:34 He goes oh! Great, he goes now
20:35 I'm walking 5 miles a day and he goes I feel
20:38 absolutely fantastic. And I said,
20:40 well how is your doctor doing?
20:42 He goes, my doctor is very upset of me still
20:44 and he goes he bought a new jaguar right
20:46 before my surgery was scheduled
20:47 and so he has to find somebody else to pay
20:50 the bill for him and he kind of laughed
20:53 and goes by the way the sticker price on his
20:55 jaguar was $75000.
21:03 So this man was able to bypass the bypass.
21:08 Praise the Lord. Yeah.
21:14 and lets go a couple more, okay.
21:18 and then lets do some stepping in place again.
21:23 One of the most drastic changes I saw was
21:25 a man named Ben Ginter who came out to
21:27 to our program many many years ago
21:29 and Ben had 99% blockage going to his brain
21:32 and was considered inoperable and had
21:34 three major strokes before he come out to
21:36 the program and within 40 days he walked
21:39 46 miles, last week he was there
21:42 and just had a tremendous turn around
21:43 to the point where his doctor was like, wow
21:45 what happened to you, your cured, you don't
21:47 need to come back to me except to say hello
21:49 and its been about 10 years now since
21:52 Ben's been out to the program
21:53 and I understand he still walks 3 to 5 miles
21:56 a day on a regular basis and so of course
21:59 he is in his mid 70s. So certainly the heart
22:04 problems don't have to be a death sentence,
22:05 like people one time thought they can keep
22:07 going and live a healthy vibrant life
22:09 and that's what we all want, it isn't so matter
22:11 how, so much, how long we live.
22:13 but the quality of life that we have. I know a
22:15 lot of people ask Jack Lorraine that question,
22:18 have you added years to your life?
22:19 And go, I don't know, but I've added life to
22:21 my years and so that's the important part,
22:23 what kind of quality of life do you have.
22:28 Okay, we are almost done with our aerobic
22:30 portion, Richard and Janet have done
22:32 a great job keeping up with it
22:35 Janet you are not even sweating much,
22:36 you are doing very, very well.
22:38 Richard has got his sweat band on to,
22:40 I do sweat. He does respire easily
22:44 and that's a good thing, because that shows you
22:45 your body is cooling down, you have a very
22:47 efficient cooling system Richard,
22:49 if you were a car you have a nice radiator.
22:51 Okay. Alright, now we'll go about ten seconds
22:56 and we'll wind it down, nice and slow
22:59 nice and slow, when you do aerobic exercise
23:01 its important to cool down because you want
23:04 to have your legs help your heart do the work,
23:07 if we just stop abruptly then the body
23:09 is going what? What are you doing to me?
23:11 This is hard. Okay, lets go ahead and stop
23:14 alright. Now, lets do a few more squats,
23:17 we do it, but this time let's do them with
23:19 a little more purpose of strengthening the legs,
23:21 let's go squat down a little deeper now
23:23 and back up, we are just going to do 10 of them
23:26 and down and up and down and up
23:31 and down and up and down and up
23:35 and down and up, four more, down and up
23:40 and down and up, two more times, push the
23:43 hips back and last one, squat down and up.
23:47 Okay, lets put our hands behind the back
23:51 and we are going to do some abdominal work
23:53 from a standing position we are going
23:54 to contract our abdomen, the way we do
23:56 that is we blow out like that and then we bend
24:00 over, we come up and then we lean back,
24:04 pull out, bend over, come up lean back,
24:09 pull out, over, up and back, try and contract
24:14 your abdomen. Each time when you going
24:17 forward, contract, over up and back,
24:22 contract, over up and back, contract, over up
24:29 stretch back, contract, over up and back,
24:34 blow out, over up and back, blow out,
24:38 over up and back, blow out, over up and back,
24:45 keep going, over up and back, over up
24:52 and back, contract, over up and back,
24:57 five more times, there's one and two
25:06 and three and four, one more time and five,
25:14 good. Okay, lets do a rotation now,
25:16 turn, turn the trunk and now the
25:20 way the other way, I don't recommend side
25:23 bends because they're hard on your lower back
25:25 and they'll develop your external leaks
25:28 which will actually give you a wider waist Janet
25:30 if that's what you want. No.
25:31 You don't want that okay then we'll stick
25:34 with our twists.
25:41 and turn and turn, now lets hold our turn,
25:46 turn and hold that, now lets go back
25:48 the other way and hold it and turn
25:53 and hold it and turn and hold it and turn
25:59 and hold and turn and hold, one more time,
26:03 turn and hold, and turn and hold.
26:09 Okay, now lets take our necks and we are
26:11 just going to turn to the side
26:13 and let's look at the other direction
26:16 and turn and turn and turn, forward stretching
26:23 your neck and turn and turn and turn,
26:31 now let's look up, look down, look up,
26:38 look down, look up, look down, look up,
26:46 look down, one more time look up
26:49 and look down. Alright.
26:51 Thanks a lot folks we're all done.
26:56 A lot of times people look at cardiovascular
26:58 disease and think it's a death sentence,
26:59 well it doesn't have to be, unfortunately too
27:02 often it is. By getting into a regular exercise
27:04 routine you can find yourself reversing that
27:06 problem, but understand something
27:08 exercise will increase the high density
27:12 of lipoproteins and help on the other end
27:14 of the metabolic spectrum, people use
27:16 the term good cholesterol,
27:17 bad cholesterol all the time, I don't say that
27:19 personally because if you had no healthy
27:21 cholesterol, you will be dead, but if you have
27:23 too much of it then it's definitely a warning
27:24 sign for cardiovascular disease. But you also
27:26 have to change your dietary pattern, 'cause
27:28 your diet will help you to lower your total
27:32 cholesterol level especially if you are
27:33 not taking any cholesterol,
27:35 but there is one more really important factor
27:37 in all this and that is to have a good
27:38 walk with God, because when we are
27:40 under a lot of stress, then we have problems
27:42 with our circulatory response. I always tell
27:45 people to do things for the right reasons, in
27:47 Philippians 4:13, it tells us that we can
27:49 do all things through Christ which
27:51 strengthens us, claim that promise with your
27:53 exercise. God bless you, I look forward to
27:56 seeing you next time on Body and Spirit aerobics.


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Revised 2014-12-17